Nativus gen. nov.

Etymology. The generic name honors all indigenous communities from the great Amazon rainforest as most of the described species herein are distributed in the region. This also commemorates the native Amazonians’ key role in protecting Earth’s biodiversity; gender is masculine.

Type species. Nativus tupana sp. nov.

Diagnosis. Species of Nativus gen. nov. resemble those of Guadana Rheims and Sparianthina Banks in having intermarginal denticles along the entire cheliceral groove, two pairs of ventral spines on tibiae I−II and one lateral spine on each side on metatarsi I−II (Fig. 1), male palps with strong DTA (e.g. Figs 16−17, 106−107) and female palp with a long-toothed claw (Fig. 3). They further resemble Guadana in having a vRTA, DTA acutely tapering (e.g. Figs 29, 48, 92) (vRTA absent and DTA roundly blunt or distally widened in Sparianthina) and female vulva with GP absent and FD short (e.g. Figs 32, 63, 78) (GP present and FD long in Sparianthina). They are distinguished from both genera by the palps with E without basal projection, filiform along its entire length (e.g. Figs 40, 75, 122), or distally filiform with wide base, in N. carare sp. nov. and N. mariua sp. nov. (Figs 17, 60) (E not filiform with basal projection in the latter genera) and by the epigyne with LL fused along posterior half (e.g. Figs 77, 94, 109) (completely separated in Guadana and separated or touching each other, leaving a median fissure in Sparianthina).

Description. Total length of males 5.51−8.71, of females 5.5−9.07. Dorsal shield of prosoma generally longer than wide, can be as wide as long. Cephalic region slightly higher than thoracic region, flattening posteriorly. Fovea conspicuous on posterior third of prosoma. Eyes arranged in two rows, the anterior recurved and the posterior straight; AME smaller than ALE, more distant from each other than from laterals; PME smaller than PLE, all mostly equidistant (e.g. Figs 11, 19, 24). Clypeus low, less than AME diameter. Chelicerae longer than wide with three promarginal teeth, median one largest, and 6−8 retromarginal teeth, three subequal, others smaller. Between 10−20 intermarginal denticles clustered in front of promarginal teeth and in a row along rest of groove. Promargin with one escort seta (Fig. 1). Labium rebordered as wide as long. Endites slightly convergent, longer than wide, with dense scopula on internal margin. Serrula with single row of denticles (Fig. 2). Sternum longer than wide, slightly projected between coxae IV. Female palp with single pectinate claw with 5−6 long teeth (Fig. 3); sensory setae long, distally curved, with barbules along the entire setae and with distal region bearing a large rounded pore and a single filiform extension, scattered dorsally along palpal tarsus (Fig. 4). Legs laterigrade, generally 2143, rarely 1423. Spination pattern in males: femora I−III: p1-1-1, d0-1-1, r1-1-1; femur IV: p1-1-1, d0-1-1, r0-0-1; patellae I−IV: 0; tibiae I−II: p1-0-1, d1-1-1, r1-0-1, v2-2-0; tibiae III−IV: p1-0-1, d0-0-1, r1-0-1, v2-2-0; metatarsi I−II: p1- 0-0, r1-0-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus III: p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-1; metatarsus IV: p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-0; palp: femur: p0- 0-1, d0-1-2, r0-0-1; patella: p1, r1; tibia: p2-1-0, d1-0-0; in females: femora I−III: p1-1-1, d0-1-1, r1-1-1; patellae I−IV: 0; tibiae I−III: p1-0-1, r1-0-1, v2-2-0; tibia IV: p1-0-1, d0-0-1, r1-0-1, v2-2-0; metatarsi I−II: p1-0-0, r1-0-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus III: p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus IV: p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-0; palp: femur: p0-0-1, d0-1-2, r0-0-1; patella: p1, r1; tibia: p2-1-0, d1-0-0, r1-1-0; tarsus p2-1-0, r2-1-0. Trochanter deeply notched. Metatarsi I–IV distally with dorsal trilobate membrane with median hook slightly shorter than lateral projections (Fig. 5). Tarsi and distal half of metatarsi scopulate. Trichobothria present on dorsal tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi, arranged in several rows on tarsi, converging to a single row on metatarsi. Dorsal plate of trichobothria with one incomplete transversal groove, projecting over a smooth proximal plate (Fig. 6). Tarsal organ capsulate, with drop-shaped opening, located dorsally, at distal end of tarsi (Fig. 7). Tarsi with pair of pectinate claws with 10−12 short teeth and claw tufts (Figs 8−9). Opisthosoma oval, longer than wide, with two pairs of muscle sigilla located in the anterior region. Male epiandrium with scattered small groups of epiandrous spigots (Fig. 10). Six spinnerets: ALS contiguous, conical and bi-segmented; basal segment elongated and cylindrical; distal segment short and truncated. PMS conical and short. PLS conical and bi-segmented; basal segment elongate and cylindrical; distal segment short and truncated. Male palp: tibia slightly longer than half cymbium length with three prolateral and one dorsal spines (e.g. Figs 16, 47, 91); VTA present, slightly displaced retrolaterally (e.g. Figs 40, 92, 137) or reduced (e.g. Figs 48, 75, 107); RTA distal with dRTA single (e.g. Figs 18, 75) or bifid (e.g. Figs 29, 48, 60) and vRTA rounded cleaver-shaped, best seen in lateral view (e.g. Figs 93, 108, 138); cymbium slightly elongate with large rounded alveolus, dorsal elongate scopula and rectangular RpP; subtegulum ring-shaped bearing a subtegular locking lobe that fits into an indentation in the DTA (e.g. Figs 28, 74, 91); tegulum generally smooth (Fig. 17), some species can have a small triangular protrusion close to bp (Figs 60, 107) and/or RdP (e.g. Figs 29, 75, 137); E arising from tegulum at 9 o’clock position, filiform, sinuous (e.g. Figs 48, 75, 137) or straight (e.g. Figs 17, 60, 92); C hyaline with slender base, fanning out to accommodate the embolus distally; DTA arising from tegulum between 8−9 o’clock position acutely tapering and curved retrolaterally, generally smooth (e.g. Figs 39−40, 59-60, 91−92),with median projection in N. tupana sp. nov. (Figs 121−122); bp hyaline, laminar, of varied shapes (e.g. Figs 48, 60, 122). Female epigyne: EF wider than long or as long as wide without conspicuous muscle attachment bands, divided into LL and MS; LL fused medially (e.g. Figs 31, 62, 109) or slightly posteriorly (e.g. Figs 77, 94, 139), smooth, except N. tawu sp. nov. with lateral pockets (Fig. 109); MS smooth; CO situated anteriorly, in a depressed area (COd). Vulva: Internal ducts with first winding antero-laterad and then strongly convoluted, encapsulated within a sclerotized, elongated structure that swells posteriorly (ducts can be seen by transparency in less sclerotized specimens, e.g. Figs 90, 120); FD short and curved (e.g. Figs 32, 63, 95).

Composition. Ten species: Nativus carare sp. nov., N. hazzii sp. nov., N. janai sp. nov., N. juriti sp. nov., N. mariua sp. nov., N. napo sp. nov., N. nocaima sp. nov., N. tawu sp. nov., N. tupana sp. nov. and N. yurupari sp. nov.

Distribution. Northern South America: Brazil, Colombia and Peru.

Identification key for species of Nativus gen. nov.

1 Males .............................................................................................. 2

- Females........................................................................................... 11

2(1) Tegulum with triangular RdP, arising between 1−2 o’clock; E sinuous (e.g. Figs 29, 48, 92).......................... 3

- Tegulum without triangular RdP; E roughly straight (Figs 17, 60, 107)........................................... 9

3(2) dRTA distally bifid, with two pointed branches (e.g. Figs 30, 49, 93)............................................ 4

- dRTA distally truncated without pointed branches (Figs 75−76).................................... N. napo sp. nov.

4(3) dRTA with ventral branch shorter than dorsal branch (e.g. Figs 41, 93, 123)....................................... 5

- dRTA with ventral branch as long as or longer than dorsal branch (e.g. Figs 30, 138)................................ 8

5(4) DTA without median projections (e.g. Figs 39, 47, 91)....................................................... 6

- DTA with large median projection (Figs 121−122)............................................. N. tupana sp. nov.

6(5) RdP small, wider than long or as wide as long, rounded at tip (Figs 48, 92)....................................... 7

- RdP pronounced, longer than wide, pointed (Fig. 40)............................................. N. janai sp. nov.

7(6) RdP small, much wider than long; bp as wide as long (Fig. 92).................................. N. nocaima sp. nov.

- RdP as wide as long; bp slightly elongate, longer than wide (Fig. 48)............................... N. juruti sp. nov.

8(4) dRTA with two pointed tips, in ventral view (Fig. 30); RdP small, wider than long; bp large, roughly triangular, slightly wider than long (Fig. 29)....................................................................... N. hazzii sp. nov.

- dRTA with one blunt and one pointed tip, in ventral view (Fig. 138); RdP large, triangular, as long as wide; bp small, wider than long (Fig. 137)........................................................................ N. yurupari sp. nov.

9(2) Tegulum bearing small tp close to TBE (between 8-9 o’clock); dRTA bifid, with ventral branch long and slender, curved in ventral view (Figs 60, 107)............................................................................ 10

- Tegulum without triangular projection; dRTA single, truncated (Figs 17−18)........................ N. carare sp. nov.

10(9) bp keel-like, wider than long (Fig. 60); dRTA with ventral branch straight in retrolateral view (Fig. 61)..... N. mariua sp. nov.

- bp irregular-shaped, slightly longer than wide (Fig. 107); dRTA with ventral branch hooke-shaped in retrolateral view (Fig. 108).................................................................................... N. tawu sp. nov.

11(1) MS situated anterior to fused part of LL (Figs 78, 139)...................................................... 12

- MS situated posterior to fused part of LL (e.g. Figs 31, 62, 124)............................................... 13

12(11) Fused part of LL extending until 1/3 of EF length; MS roughly as wide as long (Fig. 77)................ N. napo sp. nov.

- Fused part of LL extending until almost half EF length; MS two times longer than wide (Fig. 139)..... N. yurupari sp. nov.

13(11) Fused part of LL forming an inverted T shape (e.g. Figs 62, 94, 109)........................................... 14

- Fused part of LL forming an inverted Y shape (Fig. 31).......................................... N. hazzii sp. nov.

14(13) LL fused medially; MS large (Figs 62, 109)............................................................... 15

- LL fused medio-posterially; MS small (Figs 94, 124)....................................................... 16

15(14) MS hexagonal, as wide as long; fused part of LL without epigynal pockets (Fig. 62).................. N. mariua sp. nov.

- MS trapezoid, wider than long; fused part of LL with pair of semi circular-shaped pockets (Fig. 109)...... N. tawu sp. nov.

16(14) COd C-shaped, seprated from each other by half MS width (Fig. 94)............................. N. nocaima sp. nov.

- COd J-shaped, separated from each other by almost MS width (Fig. 124)........................... N. tupana sp. nov.