Xenobolus carnifex (Fabricius, 1775)

Iulus (recte: Julus) carnifex Fabricius, 1775: 428 (D). Sri Lanka, Malaysia (Borneo). Also India, Tranquebar; Madras, Shevaroy Hills, Yercaud; Central Provinces, Chanda; Tamil Nadu.

Iulus (sic!) carnifex — Fabricius, 1781: 530 (D);

Julus Carnifex (sic!)—Linnaeus, 1788: 3019 (D).

Julus carnifex — Fabricius, 1781: 530 (D); 1793: 395 (D); Olivier, 1792: 416 (D); Latreille, 1802: 76 (D); Brandt, 1833: 205 (D), 1841a: 127 (M); 1841c: 121 (M); Humbert, 1865: 57 (D).

Iulus (sic!) carnifex — Fabricius, 1781: 530 (D); Gervais, 1837: 13 (D), 1847: 163 (D); Lucas, 1842: 532 (D). Julus (Spirobolus) carnifex — Brandt, 1841b: 368 (D), 1841c: 121 (M).

Spirobolus ruficollis Newport, 1844a: 269 (D), synonymized by Pocock (1892).

Spirobolus ruficollis — Newport, 1844b: 13 (M); Preudhomme de Borre, 1884b: 76 (M); Attems, 1914: 355 (M). Iulus ruficollis — Gervais, 1847: 175 (D).

Spirobolus Carnifex (sic!)— Koch, 1847: 102 (M), 1863: 62 (D).

Spirobolus carnifex — Karsch, 1881a: 79 (M); Preudhomme de Borre, 1884b: 73 (M); Tömösváry, 1885: 69 (M); Daday, 1889: 129 (R); Pocock, 1892: 166 (D).

Trigoniulus carnifex— Silvestri, 1896a: 28 (M).

Diaphoropus carnifex— Silvestri, 1897: 651 (D), synonymy in Hoffman (1962).

Xenobolus carnifex — Carl, 1919: 394 (D); Attems, 1936: 304 (R); Hoffman, 1962: 780 (R); Mukherjee, 1962: 25 (R); Rajulu, 1970b: 143 (M); Bano, 1983: 170 (M); Achar, 1987: 149 (M); Alagesan & Vanithapriya, 1992: 299 (M); Valli, 1994: 322 (M); Jeekel, 2001c: 54 (M); Alagesan et al., 2003: 111 (M); Alagesan & Muthukrishnan, 2003: 313 (M); 2005a: 5 (M); 2005b: 3 (M); 2009: 237 (R); Wesener et al., 2008: 38 (D); Wesener & Enghoff, 2009: 111 –113 (D); Karthigeyan & Alagesan, 2011: 62 (M, R); Alagesan & Ramanathan, 2013: 1, 2 (R); Bhakat, 2014: 186 (R); Chezhian & Prabakaran, 2016: 91, 92 (R, D).

Erythroprosopon phoenix Verhoeff, 1936c: 505 (D), synonymized by Hoffman (1962). Erythroprosopon phoenix — Moritz & Fischer, 1975: 251 (M).

Remarks: Koch’s (1847, 1863) records of this species in Georgia, U.S.A. are certainly wrong, and Newport’s (1844a, 1844b) from Australia may reflect an introduced population as presently there are no extant populations of Xenobolus carnifex known from Australia (Mesibov in litt., see also http://www. polydesmida .info/ millipedesofaustralia/introduced.html). However, X. carnifex has recently been found in imported plants in Europe (Barber 2015).