Paraboreochlus okinawanus Kobayashi et Kuranishi

(Figs 1–20)

Paraboreochlus okinawanus Kobayashi et Kuranishi, 1999: 602; Makarchenko & Makarchenko 2003: 217; Ashe & O’Connor 2009: 86; Lin et al. 2013: 74.

Material examined. RUSSIA: 3 pharate adult males, extracted from mature pupae, 215 pupae, 26 larvae, Primorye Territory, Terney District, Terney Village, Mashinikovsky Stream, tributary of the Vilka River (Serebrianka River basin), spurs of the Eastern Sikhote-Alin Mountains, 21.VI.2024, 45.048184 N, 136.609847E, leg. E. Potikha and A. Kozlova.

Description

Pharate adult male (n = 3), extracted from mature pupae.

Coloration. Head, thorax and abdomen dark brown.

Head. Eyes bare, with moderate dorsomedial extension. Temporal setae including 4–7 inner verticals and 11–13 outer verticals. Clypeus swollen, with 8–12 setae. Antenna with 14 flagellomeres and developed plume; terminal flagellomere with 2 subapical setae, 40 μm long; penultimate flagellomere 2.7 times length of the ultimate; flagellomeres 13 and 14 completely separated. Length of 1–14 flagellomeres (μm): 44, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 28, 24, 28, 28, 28, 152, 56; AR 0.59–0.61. Palpomere lengths (in μm): 16; 28; 36; 24; 52. Head width/palp length 1.6.

Thorax. Antepronotum with 5–10 lateral setae. Acrostichals 44 (in 2 rows); dorsocentrals 25–36 (in 2 rows); prealars 17–20; scutellars: 15–16 long setae in 1 row and 8–9 shorter setae in group anteriorly; postnotals 5.

Hypopygium (Figs 1–4). Tergite IX with 37 – 48 long setae, laterosternite IX with 2–4 long setae. Gonocoxite straight, 88–112 μm long. Inferior volsellae broad basally, with 10–12 long setae, and narrow curved distally, with a row of 3–5 large spine-like setae, 14–16 μm long (Figs 1, 3–4). Gonostylus 80–104 μm long, swollen and with 2–3 setae at base, with 2 short setae in distal part; megaseta 8 μm long. Two central portions of phallapodemes well-sclerotized, 72–80 μm long and together forming transverse straight bar as shown in Fig. 2. Transverse sternapodeme 128 μm long. HR 1.02–1.08.

Pupa (n=5). Total length 1.9–2.4 mm. Coloration of fixed pupa: cephalothorax dark brown, first three abdominal segments are brownish-brown, the rest are yellowish-brown (Figs 5–6). Exuviae brownish.

Cephalothorax. Frontal setae on tubercles, anterior ones 140–192 µm long, posterior—60–104 µm long (Fig. 8). Thoracic horn with large plastron, 200–248 μm long, 88–112 μm wide in distal part and 24–36 μm long at base. Precorneal setae 3, lengths (μm): Pc 1 —36 (hair-like, Pc 2–3 —6–8 (spine-like) (Figs 7, 9). Antepronotum with 2 median and 1 lateral antepronotals. Mesonotum with 3 pairs of dorsocentrals, first and second dorsocentrals close together, third located 96 μm behind second dorsocentral seta (Fig. 9). Wing sheath lacking nose.

Abdomen. Tergites II–VIII with posterior margin distinct row of denticles, which in number maximum (ca 50–60) on tergite VIII. The same on sternites. Segments I with 2 pairs of lateral hair-like setae, 28–32 μm long. Segments II–VII with spine-like setae L 1, 16–24 μm long and L 3, 68–80 μm long; L 2 hair-like, 8–10 μm long (Fig. 10). Segment VIII with 3 spine-like lateral setae in posterolateral corner, 12–36 μm long (Fig. 11). Anal lobe with 3 lateral setae which Brundin (1966) called s1–s3 setae (Fig. 11), length of these ones (μm): s1—20–24; s2—44–48; s3—28–32. Tergites I–VIII with 4 pairs of short dorsal setae from which 3 pair setae are spine-like and 1—hair-like (Fig. 12). Sternites I–II without ventral setae; sternite III with 2 pairs of ventral setae at the posterior edge, 20 μm and 72 μm long; sternites IV–VII with 1 pair of ventral setae in middle (20–24 μm long) and 2 pairs at the posterior edge (29–24 μm and 50–69 μm long) (Fig. 13); sternite VIII with 2 pairs of ventral setae at the posterior edge (64–68 μm long). Male genital sac not extended beyond anal lobe (Fig. 11).

Fourth instar larva (n = 5). Coloration of fixed larvae: head yellow, thoracic segments yellowish brown, abdominal segments yellowish (Fig. 14). Total length 2.8–3.4 mm. Head capsule 230–246 µm long and 180–197 µm wide. Labral setae typical for genus (Brundin 1983). Antenna 5-segmented, length of segments (µm): 71–80, 36–38, 31–33, 3–4, 4–5. Antennal blade is divided; larger projection 51 µm long, reaches middle of 3 rd segment, smaller projection 26 µm long; segments 2 and 3 with Lauterborn organs; segment 3 annulated; large ring organ with a diameter of 4–7 µm is located at distance of 33 µm from the base of basal segment (Figs 16–17); AR 0.92–1.05. Mandible dark brown, black in distal part, with 8 teeth; seta subdentalis reaches top of fourth tooth; seta interna with 16–18 branches (Fig. 15). Mentum with 1 median and 7–8 pairs of lateral teeth; 8 th lateral tooth is very small and often invisible or absent; median tooth 3 times wider than the first lateral tooth; ventromental plates small (Figs 18–19). Procercus hyaline anteriorly, blackish posteriorly, 196–212 μm long, 40–48 μm wide at base, bearing 8 dark brown or black strong anal setae varies length, longest of which 490 μm long, shortest 36 μm long; 2 hair-like lateral seta, 32–56 μm long. Posterior parapods 120–160 μm long. Dorsal and ventral pairs of anal tubuli 72–80 μm long. Two black supra-anal setae, 590–607 μm long, just before anal tubuli (Fig. 20).

Remarks. The adult male of P. okinawanus from the Eastern Sikhote-Alin Mountains slightly differs in some features from males described earlier from Japan, China and the southern Primorye of Russia (Table 1). Since the pupa and larva of P. minutissimus are not described fully enough, a comparison of P. okinawanus can only be made with P. stahli, pupa of which on the mesonotum with 4 dorsocentral setae, tergites I–VII with 5 dorsal setae, sternites IV–VII with 4 ventral setae, segments II–VII with 4 lateral setae. Total length of larva 4.4 mm, antenna 4-segmented, AR 1.14, seta interna of mandible with 20–25 branches, median tooth of mentum 2.5 times wider than the first lateral tooth. Pupa of P. okinawanus on the mesonotum with 3 dorsocentral setae, tergites I–VII with 4 dorsal setae, sternites IV–VII with 3 ventral setae, segments II–VII with 3 lateral setae. Total length of larva 2.8–3.4 mm, antenna 5-segmented, AR 0.92–1.05, seta interna of mandible with 16–18 branches, median tooth of mentum 3 times wider than the first lateral tooth.

It should be noted that at all stages of development the three species of the Paraboreochlus are very close and in this regard we join the opinion of colleagues (Lin et al. 2013) about the need for DNA barcoding of known species of this genus to clarify their taxonomic status.

Ecology. Pupae and larvae were collected in cold stream on gravel-pebble soil at a depth of 14 cm, with a current speed of 0.89 m /sec and a water temperature of 7.5 ºC. At the time of sampling on June 21, 2024, the number of pupae and larvae reached 4016 ind./m 2.

Distribution. P. okinawanus has an eastern Asian distribution—Oriental China, Japan, South Korea and Russian Far East.