Cervus nippon Temminck, 1838 . Coup d'oeil sur la faune des iles de la Sonde et de l'empire du Japon, p. xxii.

TYPE LOCALITY: Japan, probably Kyushu; see Groves and Smeenk (1978) .

DISTRIBUTION: Taiwan, E China, Manchuria, Korea (incl. Cheju Isl), adjacent E Siberia, Japan (incl Tsushima Isis), Vietnam. Introduced to British Isles, mainland Europe (incl. Lithuania and Ukraine), Caucasus region, New Zealand, USA, Solo Isl (Philippines, still extant?), Kerama Isis (Ryukyu Isis) and small islands off Japan.

STATUS: U.S. ESA - Endangered as C. n. grassianus, C. n. keramae, C. n. kopschi, C. n. mandarinus, and C. n. taiouanus; IUCN - Extinct? as C. n. grassianus, Extinct as C. n. mandarinus, Endangered as C. n. keramae, C. n. pseudaxis, and C. n. taiouanus, Indeterminate as C. n. sichuanicus.

SYNONYMS: aceros, andreanus, aplodonticus, aplodontus, arietinus, blakistoninus, brachypus, brachyrhinus, centralis, consobrinus, cycloceros, cyclorhinus, daimius, dejardinus, devilleanus, dolichorhinus, dominicanus, dugennianus; dybowskii Taczanowski, 1876; elegans, ellipticus, euopis, frinianus, fuscus, gracilis, granulosus, grassianus, grilloanus, hollandianus, hortulorum, hyemalis, ignotus, imperialis, infelix, japonicus, joretianus, kematoceros, keramae, kopschi, lacrymosus, latidens, legrandianus, mageshimae, mandarinus, mantchuricus, marmandianus, matsumotei, microdontus, microspilus, minoensis, minor, minutus, mitratus, modestus, morrisianus, novioninus, orthopodicus, orthopus, oxycephalus, paschalis, pouvrelianus, pseudaxis, pulchellus, regulus, rex, riverianus, rutilus, schizodonticus, schlegeli, schulzianus, sendaiensis, sica, sicarius, sichuanicus, sika, soloensis, surdescens; swinhoei Glover, 1956; sylvanus, tai-oranus, taiouanus, taivanus, typicus, xendaiensis, yakushimae, yesoensis, yuanus.

COMMENTS: Includes hortulorum, taiouanus and pulchellus, which were considered species by Imaizumi (1970a). Includes soloensis, see Grubb and Groves (1983). Reviewed by Feldhamer (1980, Mammalian Species, 128). Revised in part by Groves and Smeenk (1978).