Littoraria pallescens (Philippi, 1846)

Figs 6 W–X

Littorina pallescens Philippi, 1846: 142 .

Littoraria (Littorinopsis) pallescens: Reid 1986: 108 –118, frontispiece, figs 34–38, 53 (full synonymy); Okutani 2000: 138 – 139, pl. 69, fig. 16; Thach 2005: 53.

Littoraria pallescens: Lozouet & Plaziat 2008: 116 –117, pl. 22, figs 9–12; Zvonareva et al. 2015: 8, fig. 4(c).

Material examined. Nha Phu Bay, Dam Bay, mangrove plantation, about 20 specimens.

Abundance. Common.

Measurements. Up to 31 mm (Reid 1986).

Ecological notes. Ovoviviparous species (Reid 1986).

An oceanic species obligately associated with mangrove trees. Typically on leaves of mangroves at the edge, less frequently on trunks, roots and rocks, from sea shore to upper estuary, 1 to 4.5 m above the ground (Reid 1986).

In studied sites it was found on leaves of young and old Rhizophora trees.

Relation to mangroves. Predominantly mangrove-associated.

Distribution in Vietnam. Central coast.

General distribution. Throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific, from central East Africa to Sri Lanka, Ryukyu Islands, Marshall Islands and Samoa (Reid 1986).