Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) frontalis (Olivier, 1789)

(Figs. 11–21, 105–107, 133)

Apis frontalis Olivier, 1789: 64 . Holotype: locality unknown (♀). Type locality: French Guiana, Cayenne.

Xylocopa fasciata Lepeletier, 1841: 202 . Holotype: Museum Natural d’Histoire Naturelle Paris, France (♂). Type locality: Brazil, synonymy by Smith (1874:284).

Xylocopa nitens . Lepeletier, 1841: 176. Holotype: locality unknown (♀). Type locality: French Guiana, Cayenne, current whereabouts unknown and presumed by Hurd (1978) to be lost, synonymy by Hurd (1978:81).

Xylocopa frontalis quadrimaculata Meunier, 1890: 64 . Holotype: whereabouts unknown (♂). Type locality: Ecuador, Pichincha, Quito, synonymy by Hurd (1978:81).

Xylocopa morio callichlora Cockerell, 1911: 287 . Holotype: American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA (♀). Locality: Peru, Piura, synonymy by Hurd (1978:81).

Xylocopa frontalis var. coeruleomicans Enderlein, 1913: 158 . Holotype: Academie Polonaise des Sciences, Warsaw, Poland (♀). Type locality: Brazil, Espírito Santo, synonymy by Hurd (1978:81).

Xylocopa frontalis var. viridimicans Enderlein, 1913: 158 . Holotype: Academie Polonaise des Sciences, Warsaw, Poland (♀). Type locality: Panama, Chiriquí, synonymy by Hurd (1978:81).

Xylocopa frontalis fabricii Cockerell, 1926: 658 . Holotype: American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA (♀). Locality: French Guiana, Maroni, synonymy by Hurd (1978:81).

Xylocopa frontalis roseata Cockerell, 1926: 658 . Syntypes: National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA (♀). Type locality: Ecuador, synonymy by Hurd (1978:81).

Xylocopa frontalis trinitatis Cockerell, 1926: 658 . Syntype: American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA (♂). Type locality: Trinidad and Tobago, synonymy by Hurd (1978:81).

Xylocopa frontalis var. obscuripennis Cockerell, 1949: 484 . Holotype: National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA (♂). Type locality: Honduras, Zamorano, synonymy by Hurd (1978:82).

Xylocopa frontalis var. purpureipennis Cockerell, 1949: 484 . Holotype: National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., USA (♂). Type locality: Honduras, Zamorano, synonymy by Hurd (1978:81)

Xylocopa americana Prance 1976: 238 . (nomen nudum).

Xylocopa (Megaxylocopa) frontalis, Hurd & Moure, 1963: 151; Minckley 1998: 151.

Diagnosis. Body length, female, 27.08 mm (24.83–28.28; n=5), male, 28.86 mm (26.22–31.67; n=5). Female: Head with two arc-shaped elevations at the sides of middle ocellus (Figs. 12 and 13); middle ocellus located somewhat above upper margin of eyes; area between parapsidal line and mesoscutal disc with sparse punctures (separated by three or more times their diameter); wings dark brown with blue, violet o coppery iridescence (Fig. 15); pubescence evenly black; integument of terga generally black (some specimens from Costa Rica, Panama and South America with reddish terga); T1 to T3 with dense minute shallow punctures on discal area, some punctures with diameter approximately twice that of the minute punctures; T2 to T4 with very minute hairs, T5 hair 0.86–3.24 (length respect MOD). Male: T1 to T6 yellow with black bands half or more the terga surface, T7 yellow; T2 to T5 with black and yellow hairs on lateral areas; T5 and T6 with long, dense black hairs (Fig. 19); posterior tibia internal distal extreme with a projection longer than wide, with sharp apex rounded at the tip, anterior margin with broad rounded lobe (Fig. 21); length of hairs on terga respect MOD, T2 0.13–0.16, T3 0.15–0.24, T4 0.22–0.27, T5 0.17–0.37; tip of the lateral process of the gonostylus ending broad, ellipsoidal (Fig. 106).

Description. Female: Integument and pubescence generally black, although some specimens from Costa Rica, Panama and South America have reddish terga [as described originally by Olivier (1789)]; wings dark brown with blue (Fig. 15), violet o coppery iridescence; venation dark brown. Body length 27.08 mm (24.83–28.28; n=5); length of forewing 24.49 mm (23.61–25.63; n=5); head length 6.68 mm (6.18–7.07; n=5) intertegular distance 7.93 mm (7.46–8.47; n=5); width of T2 12.32 (11.5–013.07; n=5). Head: With two arc-shaped elevations arise at the sides of the middle ocellus; middle ocellus located somewhat above upper margin of eyes and slightly below level of lateral ocelli (Figs. 12 and 13). Mesosoma: Mesoscutal disc unpuctate, between the parapsidal line and discal area with sparse punctures, separated by three or more times their diameter. Metasoma: T1 to T3 with dense minute shallow punctures on discal area; some punctures with diameter approximately twice that of the minute punctures; T4 and T5 with punctures slightly larger than in the preceeding terga, separated by three or more times their diameter; T6 with dense punctures. Length of hairs on terga respect MOD as follows: T2 to T4 with very minute hairs, T5 0.86–3.24. Male: Yellowish-orange integument on head and discal area of scutum; pubescence yellowish-orange on head and mesosoma; hyaline wings with venation reddish brown; body length 28.86 mm (26.22 – 31.67; n=5); length of forewing 24.72 mm (24.32 – 25.43; n=5); head length 5.09 mm (4.94–5.37; n=5); intertegular distance 7.84 mm (7.80 – 8.21; n=5); width of T2 12.99 mm (12.59 – 13.56; n=5). Head: Labrum with a triangular area without punctures on the middle region; rest of labrum with scattered punctures; clypeus with dense punctures on the middle region of lower submargin; disc of clypeus without punctures; inferolateral and superior lateral regions with scattered punctures, separated by two to four times their diameter; lateral ocelli above the supraocular margin. Mesosoma: Between the parapsidal line and discal area with scattered punctures, separated by three or more times their diameter (Fig. 20). Posterior tibia, anterior margin and anterior area of internal region with long pubescence; posterior margin with alternating long and short hairs; distal extreme of internal surface toward the posterior region with dense short pubescence; internal distal extreme with a projection longer than it is wide, with sharp apex rounded at the point: anterior margin of this projection with a broad rounded lobe (Fig. 21). Metasoma: T1 to T6 yellow with black bands occupying half or more of their surface area; T7 yellow; lateral areas of T2 to T5 with black and yellow hairs; T5 and T6 covered with long dense black hairs (Fig. 19), T1 with dense, long, plumose hairs, T5 with long hairs on lateral areas, T2 to T5 with very minute hairs on discal area. Length of hairs on terga respect MOD as follows: T2 0.13–0.16, T3 0.15–0.24, T4 0.22–0.27, T5 0.17–0.37. Genitalia: Distal angle of the ventral section of the gonostylus, acute (Fig. 107); basal angle at the base of lateral process of the gonostylus, obtuse (Fig. 106); tip of the lateral process ending broad, ellipsoidal (Fig. 106).

Variation. Throughout its distribution, females of X. frontalis present vartiation in color of terga and wings iridescence; some specimens from Costa Rica have T1 and T2 with reddish integument. In specimens from Panama, T1 to T4 or T5 are reddish in the basal region or on to the middle of the terga. In some regions of South America, specimens with black metasoma or reddish bands on the terga are observed (Lucia et al. 2014). Wing iridescence varies greatly, specimens from Mexico and Central America show mainly violet iridescence while South America specimens have different iridescence pattern depending on the geographical region; many species and subspecies have been described based on wing iridescence variation, and have later been synonymized.

Distribution (Fig. 133). Present in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, and Venezuela (Gonzalez & Gonzalez 2009; Moure 2012). In Mexico present in Oaxaca, and in the majority of Central American countries, in the following ecoregions (Dinerstein et al. 2017): Dry forests of Central America, Pine-oak forests of Central America, Dry forests of the Central Depression of Chiapas, Seasonal Humid forests of Costa Rica, Humid isthmus-Atlantic forests, Humid isthmus-Pacific forests, Dry forests of Panama, Humid forests of Petén-Veracruz, Humid forests of the Sierra Madre of Chiapas, Dry forests of the South Pacific and Mountainous Forests Talamanca. Wide altitudinal distribution from 0 to 2180 m.

Material examined. 221 ♀ 10 ♂: COSTA RICA: Alajuela: 10.01593, -84.21417; 955 m, 15-X-1992, F. Soto 1 ♀ (MZUCR); San Carlos: Fortuna—Estación La Mona, 10.40926, -84.73974; 1150 m, 1-IX-1990 , E. Bello, 3 ♀ (MNCR). Upala: A.C. G, Upala, Dos Ríos (Colonia Mayorga, Finca San Gabriel), 10.88965, -85.39893; 600 m, 1- V-1990 , 3 ♀ (MNCR). Sector San Ramón de Dos Ríos (Colonia Mayorga), 1.5 km NW Hacienda Nueva Zelandia, 10.88327, -85.41354; 620 m, 3-IV-1994 , F. Quesada, 1 ♀; 26-IV-1994, G. Hurtado, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Zapote de Upala, 10.89470, -85.02339; 56 m, 16-X-1971 , J. Mora, 2 ♀; 8-XII-1972, R. Ortíz, 2 ♀; 10-IX-1973, R. Ortíz, 2 ♀ (BBSL). Zapote de Upala, vic. Bijagua, 1007 m, 17-VIII-1972 , R. Ortíz, 1 ♀ (BBSL). Cartago: Jiménez: Pejibaye, Estación Biológica Copal, Sendero Mariposa, 9.78156, -83.75299; 1123 m, 4-IV-2005 , Y. Cárdenas, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Pejibaye, Reserva El Copal, 9.78889, -83.75278; 1025 m, 24-IV-2006 , B. Gamboa, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Turrialba: Tayutic—Aserradero el Seis, Grano de Oro, Turrialba, 9.80612, -83.44735; 1146 m, 18-I-1993 , P. Campos, 2 ♀ (MNCR). Tayutic—Finca El Quetzal, 9.79612, -83.42915; 1340 m, 30-VI-1993 , P. Campos, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Tres Equis, P.N. Barbilla, 2 km S. de Estación Barbilla, 9.96172, -83.44760; 435 m, 10-XII-2002 , E. León, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Turrialba, 9.90467, -83.68352; 648 m, 12-IX-1964 , Roberts & Roberts, 1 ♀ (SEMC). Guanacaste: Finca Montezuma, 3 km SE Río Naranjo, 10.66409, -85.09720, 452 m, F. D. Parker: 11-IX-1992 , 2 ♀; 23-IX-1993, 1 ♂; 8-VI-1993, 1 ♀ (BBSL). La Cruz: 9 km S. de Santa Cecilia, Estación Pitilla, 10.99036, -85.42718; 700 m, 4-IV-1995 , E. Alfaro, 2 ♀ (MNCR). Estación Pitilla, 9 km S Santa Cecilia, 10.99261, -85.42948; 680 m, 1-IX-1989 , 1 ♀; 21-III-1989, 1 ♀; 1-I-1991, 1 ♀; 19-V-1993, P. Ríos, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Santa Cecilia, Casa de Roberto, Estación Pitilla, 11.00257, - 85.42585; 545 m, 1-I-1989 , 2 ♀; 1-X-1994, C. Moraga, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Nicoya: San Antonio, 3 km NO de Nacaome, P.N. Barra Honda, 10.16822, -85.37366; 83 m, 1-I-1993 , M. Reyes, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Heredia: San Isidro: Finca las Franbuesas, 10.03527, -84.04171; 1514 m, 13-V-2018 , E. Hererra, 1 ♀ (CINAT). Santo Domingo: Santa Rosa, INBIO, 9.97363, -84.09439; 1127 m, 9-IX-2004 , M. Solís, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Santo Tomás, 9.98073, -84.07752; 1194 m, 6-VII-2005 , W. Ramírez, Passiflora ambigua, 1 ♀ (MZUCR). Sarapiquí: A.C. C. V.C, Sarapiquí, La Virgen, P.N. Braulio Carrillo, Estación Magsasay, 10.40126, -84.04931; 148 m, 1-X-1990 , R. Aguilar, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Sarapiquí, La Virgen, Estación El Ceibo, 10.32804, -84.08042; 527 m, - III-1990 , C. Chavez, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Limón: Matama, Rancho 3, 9.82557, -83.16361; 800 m, 31-X-2007 , M. Moraga, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Río Blanco, Veragua Rainforest, 9.92573, -83.19141; 400 m, 1-VII-2008 , R. Villalobos, 2 ♀ (MNCR). Valle La Estrella, 9.67177, -83.02770; 113 m, 1-IV-1991 , A. Moreno, 1 ♀; 1-VII-1992, G. Carballo, 1 ♀; 21-VIII-1992, G. Gallardo, 1 ♀; 1-IX-1992, G. Carballo, 1 ♀; 1-XII-1992, G. Carballo, 2 ♀ (MNCR). Valle La Estrella, Est. Miramar, R. B. Hitoy Cerere, 9.63336, -83.00343; 500 m . 1-X-1992, G. Carballo, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Valle de la Estrella, R. B. Hitoy Cerere, Send Espavel, 9.66144, - 83.03071; 560 m, 27-IX-2003 , W. Arana, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Talamanca: Bratsi: Amubri, 9.51935, -82.95628; 80 m, 1-II-1994 , G. Gallardo, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Puntarenas: Buenos Aires: 9.16464, -83.33670; 352 m, 21-VII-1964 , Roberts & Roberts, 1 ♀ (SEMC). Coto Brus: Estación Pittier, 4.2 km SW del Cerro Gemelo, 9.02566, -82.96269; 1715 m, 5-I-1995 , B. Gamboa, 1 ♀; E. Alfaro, 1 ♀; E. Fletes, 2 ♀; E. Nunuez, 1 ♀; L. Angulo, 1 ♀; 6-I-1995, F. Alvarado, 2 ♀; M. Lobo, 2 ♀; 23-I-1995, S. Avila, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Finca Cafrosa, Est. Las Mellizas, P. N. Amistad, 8.89141, - 82.76475; 1459 m, 1-X-1989 , M. Ramírez, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Guacimal, Finca Buen Amigo Monteverde, 4 km S. de la Reserva, 10.27672, -84.79662; 1032 m, 1-VII-1992 , Z. Fuentes, 4 ♀; 1-VIII-1992, Z. Fuentes, 2 ♀; 24-VIII-1992, F. Quesada, 6 ♀; 1-IX-1992, Z. Fuentes, 1 ♀; 1-X-1992, Z. Fuentes, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Guacimal, San Luis, Monteverde, 10.27401, -84.79662; 1116 m, 1-VII-1992 , Z. Fuentes, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Monteverde, 10.30690, -84.80970; 1429 m, 22-V-1976 , M. Wasbauer, 3 ♀; 22-VI-1986, G. E. Bohart, W. J. Hanson, 1 ♀ (BBSL). Monteverde, Pensión Quetzal, 28-V-1992 , Jameson & Ratcliffe, 1 ♀ (SEMC). San Vito, 6 km. S, 8.78430, -82.95844; 1207 m, 30-IV- 1967 , D. F. Veirs, 1 ♂ (BBSL). Sabalito, Finca Cafrosa, 2 km NW de Mellizas, 8.89147, -82.79294; 1228 m, 1-VI- 1991 , M. Ramírez, 1 ♀ (MNCR). Vito-Las Alturas, 8.82083, -82.96944; 992 m, 26-IV-2008 , I. Aguilar, 1 ♀ (CINAT). San José: Acosta: San Ignacio de Acosta, 4 km E, 9.79989, -84.13020; 1265 m, 8-VII-1963 , C. D. Michener, 1 ♀ (BBSL). San Ignacio de Acosta, 4 km E, 9.79145, -84.19698; 1220 m, 8-VII-1963 , C. D. Michener, 2 ♀ (SEMC). Escazú: San Antonio de Escazú, 2 km N, 9.93618, -84.13385; 1046 m, 2-I-1988 , 2 ♀ (SEMC). San José: 9.91189, -84.07362; 1140 m, C. D. Michener: 10-VIII-1962 , 3 ♀; 24-VIII-1962, 2 ♀ (SEMC). San Pedro Montes de Oca, 9.93651, -84.04882; 1200 m, 7-III-2016 , M. Calderón, 1 ♀; 10-X-2017, N. Gamboa, 2 ♀ (MZUCR). Santa Ana, 9.9336, -84.1841, 902 m; 19-X-1992 , B. Musmani, 1 ♀; 28-X-1992, E. Jenkins, 1 ♀; B. Musmani, 2 ♀ (CINAT). GUATEMALA: Acatenango: 18-VIII-1951 , R. Painter, 2 ♀ (SEMC). Amatitlán: 14.46845, -90.58856; 1199 m, 9-I-1980 , G. E. Bohart, 1 ♀ (BBSL). Huehuetenango: La Democracia: Cajuil, 15.63746, -91.78722; 1026 m, 18- XI-2010 , P. Sagot, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Pinalito, 15.66530, -91.86180; 963 m, 2-III-2010 , C. Balboa, 1 ♀; 17-XI-2010, M. Hurtado, 1 ♀; O. Argüello, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). La Libertad: Camojaito, 15.61604, -91.87273; 940 m, 1-III-2010 , P. Sagot, 1 ♂ (ECOAB). San Antonio Huista: San Andrés, 15.71666, -91.74551; 940 m, 30-IV-2010 , P. Sagot, 1 ♂ (ECOAB). HONDURAS: Cortés: Los Naranjos, 15.50860, -87.98231; 52 m, 11-VIII-1970 , P.Adams, 1 ♀ (SEMC). Francisco Morazán: Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, 14.00780, -87.00960; 799 m, - VII-1967 , J. S. Packer, 1 ♀ (BBSL). Zamorano, 14.06600, -86.38352; 461 m, 6-V-1964 , G. A. Axtell, 1 ♀ (BBSL). Zamorano, 14.00919, - 87.00825; 800 m, 5-V-1964 , G. Axtell, 1 ♀ (SEMC). MEXICO: Chiapas: 4 ♀ 1 ♂ (ECOAB). Acacoyagua: Ej. Nueva Reforma 1 km. N, 15.44473, -92.69966; 596 m, M. Guzmán , 2 ♀ (ECOAB). Las Golondrinas, 15.43271, - 92.65260; 862 m, 8-XII-2006 , C. Balboa, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Rosario Zacatonales, 15.43365, -92.65051; 915 m, 4-III- 2005 , M. Rincón, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Angel Albino Corzo: Las Delicias, 15.64350, -92.49969; 823 m, 1-III-2016 , 16:30 h, P. Sagot, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Arriaga: Paraje Poza Verde, 16.34207, -93.95440; 466 m, 24-I-2009 , M. Guzmán, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Cacahoatán: Cafetales nr. Guatemala border, 15.02144, -92.12874; 687 m, 7-III-2020 , 9:30 h, E. Gómez, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). La Concordia: carretera 157, 15.96350, -92.79847; 583 m, 4-III-2020 , 12:10 h, E. Gómez, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Mapastepec: Unión los olivos, 15.52120, -92.80115; 316 m, 10-X-2006 , J. Mérida, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Unión Los Olivos-orilla del río, 15.52190, -92.79968: 315 m, M. Guzmán: 2-II-2005 , 1 ♀; 1-VI-2005, 1 ♀; 27-VI- 2005, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Motozintla de Mendoza: Belisario Domínguez, 15.30410, -92.38110; 791 m, 5-V-2005 , C. Pacheco, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Finca Belen, 15.21944, -92.34916; 1337 m, 23-VI-2000 , A. Mazariegos, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Salanueva, 15.31660, -92.34023; 1000 m, 3-II-2019 , 11:20 h, I. Pérez, 1 ♀; P. Sagot, 2 ♀ (ECOAB). Ocozocoautla: 8.1 km N Nuevo México S de Ocozocoautla, 16.69761, -93.41156; 773 m, 2-IV-1993 , C. Mendoza, 1 ♀ (EBCH). 19 km N Ocozocoautla, 16.8842, -93.4542; 962 m, 10-IV-1993 , C. Mendoza, 1 ♀ (EBCH). Tapachula: 36.7 km N Tapachula, 15.103, -92.3097; 440 m, 17-IV-1993 , E. Tovar, 1 ♀ (EBCH). Carrillo Puerto, 15.00700, -92.19880; 530 m, 7-VII-2007 , A. Rodríguez, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Finca Vega de los Gatos, 15.02722, -92.23666; 431 m, 7-VII-2007 , 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Tapachula, 14.88670, -92.28660; 127 m, 24-VII-1987 , R. Vargas, 1 ♀ 1 ♂ (ECOAB). Tuxtla Chico: Rosario Izapa, 14.97330, -92.15460; 445 m, 25-XI-1986 , A. Penagos, 1 ♀; 24-VII-1987, R. Santos, 4 ♀; 25-VII- 1987, R. Santos, 1 ♀; 8-X-1987, L. Mendoza, 1 ♀; 3-V-1993, A. Aquino, 3 ♀; M. Rincón, 1 ♀; 26-V-2000, M. Trujillo, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Sección La Toma, 14.96603, -92.16450; 410 m, 9-X-1992 , 11:00 h, M. Medina, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Tuzantán: Carr. 211 Huixtla—Motozintla, 15.16280, -92.43290; 110 m, 3-II-2019 , 8:45 h, P. Sagot, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Unión Juárez: Santo Domingo, 15.03100, -92.10470; 863 m, 27-VI-1997 , C. Pérez, 1 ♀; A. Davila, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Talquián, 15.08470, -92.08360; 1650 m, 5-V-2005 , A. Mora, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Unión Juárez, 15.06180, -92.08000; 1310 m, 10-VIII-1986 , J. Cuadriello, 1 ♀; 25-VIII-1986, J. Cuadriello, 1 ♀; 28-VIII-1986, 1 ♀ 1 ♂; 22- IX-1986, 1 ♀; 15-XI-1986, 1 ♂; 23-I-1987, F. Pérez, 1 ♀; 24-IV-1987, F. Pérez, 1 ♀; 1-X-1987, L. Godínez, 1 ♀; 7-I-1988, L. Godínez, 1 ♀; 28-VII-1988, A. Aquino, 8 ♀; 18-VIII-1988, A. Aquino, 3 ♀; 28-VIII-1988, A. Aquino, 1 ♀; 9-X-1988, F. Pérez, 3 ♀; 4-XII-1988, F. Pérez, 1 ♀; 31-VIII-1989, F. Pérez, 1 ♀; 4-X-1989, F. Pérez, 2 ♀; G. López, 2 ♀; M. Cigarroa, 2 ♀; 20-VIII-1990, F. Pérez, 1 ♀; 29-VII-1992, A. Aquino, 3 ♀ (ECOAB). Villa Corzo: Camino a la presa, 16.35593, -92.96260; 660 m, 19-X-2017 , 10:40 h, P. Sagot, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). El Parral, 16.36965, -93.02195; 725 m, 19-X-2017 , 8:15 h, P. Sagot, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Villaflores: Carr 230, 16.41139, -93.68287; 644 m, 30-I-2019 , 12:20 h, P. Sagot, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). Ricardo Flores Magón, 16.26811, -93.64895; 924 m, 29-I-2019 , 9:30 h, G. Mera, 1 ♀ (ECOAB). San Clemente, 16.41820, -93.71358; 608 m, 30-I-2019 , 12:50 h, G. Mera, 1 ♀ (ECO- AB). PANAMA: Chiriquí: Boquete: 8.76667, -82.43333; 1061 m, 17-I-1981 , C. D. Michener, 3 ♀ (SEMC). Boquete, 8 km S, 8.69858, -82.45046; 820 m, 5-I-2012 , F. D. Parker, T. D. Mcintyre, 1 ♀ (BBSL). Cocle: Antón: El Valle de Antón, 8.61163, -80.13148; 600 m, 28-XI-1957 , W. Hanson, 1 ♀ (SEMC). Colón: Buena Vista: Quebrada Bonita Adentro, NW Madden Dam, 9.29997, -79.70027; 173 m, 23-X-1957 , W. J. Hanson, 1 ♂ (BBSL). Pipeline Road, Gamboa, 9.12149, -79.70061; 91 m, J. A. Bishop: 1-I-1992 , 1 ♀, 6-I-1992, 1 ♀ (BBSL). Panama: Balboa: Albrook Field, 8.96984, -79.56218; 5 m, 24-X-1937 , L. Stannard, 1 ♀; 16-I-1938, L. Stannard, 1 ♀ (SEMC). Cerro Azul, N of Tucumen, 8.80000, -82.38333; 2180 m, 17-XI-1957 , Hanson & Fairchild, 1 ♂ (SEMC), 20-VII-1958, W. J. Hanson, 1 ♀ (BBSL). Chilibre, 9.15718, -79.61893; 45 m, 4-I-1946 , C. D. Michener, 1 ♀ (SEMC). Curundú, 8.98542, -79.53661; 24 m, 4-I-1981 , C. D. Michener, 2 ♀; 11-I-1981, C. D. Michener, 1 ♀; 19-V-1981, R. Brooks, 5 ♀ (SEMC). Panama Oeste: Arraiján: Cerro Galera, 8.93178, -79.61478; 142 m, 22-VIII-1958 , W. Hanson, 1 ♀ (SEMC). Capira: Cerro Campana, 8 km NW Capira, 8.75414, -79.96993; 343 m, 4-V-1981 , R. Brooks, 1 ♀; 7-V- 1981, R. Brooks, 1 ♀ (SEMC). Chame: 8.57884, -79.87673; 18 m, 29-IV-1995 , C. D. Michener, 1 ♀ (SEMC) .

Commentaries. X. frontalis may be confused with X. fimbriata and X. nautlana but may be distinguished from these by the middle ocellus that divides the two projections.