Autapomorphies of Aphyodite grammica:

1. Contactbetweenfrontalsanteriorlytofrontalfontanel (21):(1> 0) absent.Paralleled in Aphyocharax nattereri and Axelrodia lindeae .

2. Ventral extent of third infraorbital (64): (0> 1) not reaching horizontal arm of preopercle, at least anteriorly. Reversal of synapomorphy 2 of node 198. Paralleled in nodes 280 and 298 and in Axelrodia lindeae, Bryconamericus rubropictus, and Creagrutus cf. tahorni.

3. Fourth infraorbital (66): (0> 1) absent or much reduced and bordered posteriorly by third and fifth infraorbitals. Paralleled in the Aphyocharacinae and Gasteropelecidae, in node 186, and in Hasemania nana, Hemigrammus erythrozonus, Hoplocharax goethei, Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis, and Nematobrycon palmeri .

4. Process of scapula forming anterior border of scapular foramen (244): (0> 1) absent. Paralleled in nodes 193 and 252 and in Deuterodon langei, Hoplias cf. malabaricus, Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi, Leporinus striatus, Odontostilbe paraguayensis, and Thayeria obliqua.

5. Posterior attachment of A1 section of adductor mandibulae (332): (0> 1) restricted or almost restricted to horizontal arm of preopercle. Paralleled in the Iguanodectinae, in node 211, and in Agoniates anchovia and Pyrrhulina australis .

Some trees:

6. Length of sphenotic spine (10): (0> 1) extending ventrally to articulation between sphenotic and hyomandibula. Reversal of synapomorphy 1 of node 197. Paralleled in Creagrutus anary and Inpaichthys kerri .

7. Number of cusps of anterior maxillary teeth (138): (1> 0) conical, a single cusp. Paralleled in Pristella maxillaris . Some trees: Paralleled in Axelrodia lindeae .

8. Number of supraneurals (280): (0> 1) five or more. Reversal of synapomorphy 5 of the Aphyoditeinae .