Autapomorphies of Grundulus cochae:

1. Anterior articulation of epioccipital bridge (6): (0> 1) only with parietal.Some trees: Paralleled in Paracheirodon axelrodi .

2. Morphology of premaxillary, maxillary, and dentary teeth (118): (1> 0) all teeth conical, caniniform or mamilliform. Paralleled in the Heterocharacinae, in nodes 174, 181, and 211, and in Axelrodia lindeae and Exodon paradoxus .

3. Number of rows of premaxillary teeth (122): (1> 0) one. Paralleled in node 195 and in Aulixidens eugeniae, Carlana eigenmanni, Carnegiella strigata, Odontostoechus lethostigmus, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Piabucus melanostomus, and Probolodus heterostomus .

4. Number of teeth in inner premaxillary row (129): (0> 1) five or more. Reversal of synapomorphy 3 of node 198. Paralleled in nodes 195 and 235.

5. Number of teeth in inner premaxillary row (130): (0> 1) eight or more. Paralleled in the Aphyoditeinae, in node 170, and in Brycon orbignyanus, Prionobrama paraguayensis, and Salminus brasiliensis .

6. Extent of implantation of teeth along maxilla (137): (0> 1) extending across almost entire maxillary lamella. Reversal of synapomorphy 1 of node 202. Paralleled in node 208 and in Hemibrycon surinamensis, Nematobrycon palmeri, and Prodontocharax melanotus .

7. Foramen on articular condyle of quadrate (149): (0> 1) present. Paralleled in nodes 168, 211, and 231 and in Hasemania nana, Hyphessobrycon eques, and Lonchogenys ilisha .