Autapomorphies of Nematobrycon palmeri:

1. Dorsal margin of lateral ethmoids (16): (1> 0) aligned. Reversal of synapomorphy 1 of node 198. Paralleled in the Aphyoditeinae .

2. Anterior paired projections of parasphenoid (40): (0> 1) present. Paralleled in Bryconexodon juruenae .

3. Fourth infraorbital (66): (0> 1) absent or much reduced and bordered posteriorly by third and fifth infraorbitals. Paralleled in the Aphyocharacinae and Gasteropelecidae, in node 186, and in Aphyodite grammica, Hasemania nana, Hemigrammus erythrozonus, Hoplocharax goethei, and Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis .

4. Extent of implantation of teeth along maxilla (137): (0> 1) extending across almost entire maxillary lamella. Reversal of synapomorphy 1 of node 202. Paralleled in node 208 and in Grundulus cochae, Hemibrycon surinamensis, and Prodontocharax melanotus .

5. Number of branched anal-fin rays (288): (0> 1) 25 or more. Reversal of synapomorphy 3 of node 200. Paralleled in nodes 208, 255, and 263 and in Bryconamericus scleroparius .