Autapomorphies of Paragoniates alburnus:

1. Position of sphenotic spine relative to the orbit (12): (1> 0) bordering orbit posteriorly and aligned with anterior border of fourth and fifth infraorbitals. Reversal of synapomorphy 1 of node 193.

2. Development of medial lamella of coracoid (238): (0> 1) expanded as a keel. Paralleled in nodes 170 and 302 and in Piabucus melanostomus, Pseudocorynopoma doriae, and Rhaphiodon vulpinus .

3. Number of branched pelvic-fin rays (258): (0> 1) seven or more. Reversal of synapomorphy 3 of the Aphyocharacinae . Paralleled in Aphyocharax dentatus .

4. Scales covering anal-fin base (327): (0> 1) several rows covering basal third of anal fin. Paralleled in the Serrasalmidae, in nodes 210 and 221, and in Bario steindachneri, Markiana nigripinnis, Rhaphiodon vulpinus, Roeboides microlepis, and Thoracocharax stellatus .