Autapomorphies of Aphyocharax nattereri:

1. Contact between frontals anteriorly to frontal fontanel (21): (1> 0) absent. Paralleled in Aphyodite grammica and Axelrodia lindeae .

2. Rhinosphenoid (47): (1> 0) absent. Reversal of synapomorphy 2 of the Characidae . Paralleled in nodes 207, 260, 280, and 298 and in Attonitus ephimeros, Bryconamericus scleroparius, Brycon orbignyanus, Hollandichthys multifasciatus, Pseudocorynopoma doriae, and Salminus brasiliensis .

3. Length of laterosensory canal of dentary (79): (0> 1) reduced or absent. Paralleled in node 279 and in Bryconamericus rubropictus, Hyphessobrycon elachys, H. luetkenii, Nantis cf. indefessus, and Thayeria boehlkei.

4. Canal of lateral line on caudal-fin membrane (92): (1> 0) absent. Reversal of synapomorphy 3 of the Characidae . Paralleled in the Aphyoditeinae and Bryconops clade, in nodes 227, 229, 244, 287, 294, and 298, and in Bryconamericus rubropictus, B. thomasi, Charax stenopterus, Hyphessobrycon anisitsi, Inpaichthys kerri, and Phenacogaster tegatus .

5. Relative length of palatine (172): (1> 0) approximately onehalf length of ectopterygoid, or less. Reversal of synapomorphy 4 of node 197. Paralleled in node 255 and in Acrobrycon tarijae, Gymnocharacinus bergii, Parecbasis cyclolepis, and Piabina argentea .

6. Gill-derived gland on males (352): (1> 0) absent. Reversal of synapomorphy 6 of node 196. Paralleled in nodes 236 and 251.