Autapomorphies of Hemigrammus erythrozonus:

1. Fourth infraorbital (66): (0> 1) absent or much reduced and bordered posteriorly by third and fifth infraorbitals. Paralleled in the Aphyocharacinae and Gasteropelecidae, in node 186, and in Aphyodite grammica, Hasemania nana, Hoplocharax goethei, Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis, and Nematobrycon palmeri .

2. Position of coronomeckelian (110): (0> 1) situated mainly dorsal to Meckelian cartilage. Reversal of synapomorphy 2 of node 206. Paralleled in nodes 200, 282, and 290.

Some trees:

3. Number of gill rakers on first hypobranchial and ceratobranchial (196): (0> 1) ten or fewer.(k12-14). Paralleled in the Characinae and in Bryconops melanurus, Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis, Iguanodectes geisleri, and Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae . Some trees: Paralleled in node 196 and in Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi .