Autapomorphies of Hyphessobrycon eques:

1. Dorsal end of laterosensory canal of preopercle and suprapreopercle (82): (0> 1) overlapping anterodorsal process of opercle. Paralleled in the Alestidae, in node 230, and in Bario steindachneri, Parecbasis cyclolepis, Pristella maxillaris, and Stichonodon insignis .

2. Foramen on articular condyle of quadrate (149): (0> 1) present. Paralleled in nodes 168, 211, and 231 and in Grundulus cochae, Hasemania nana, and Lonchogenys ilisha .

3. Distribution of denticles on gill rakers (202): (0> 1) along entire surface of gill rakers. Paralleled in node 269 and in Astyanax correntinus, Deuterodon langei, Hoplias cf. malabaricus, and Pristella maxillaris .

4. Pelvic-fin bony hooks in adult males of species bearing hooks on fins (309): (1> 0) absent. Paralleled in Creagrutus anary, Hyphessobrycon luetkenii, Phenacogaster tegatus, Pseudocorynopoma doriae, and Stethaprion erythrops . Some trees: Paralleled in Markiana nigripinnis and Psellogrammus kennedyi .