Autapomorphies of Pseudochalceus kyburzi:

1. Ventral extent of third infraorbital (64): (1> 0) reaching horizontal arm of preopercle. Reversal of synapomorphy 3 of node 180. Paralleled in the Heterocharacinae and Iguanodectinae, in nodes 184, 198, 225, and 302, and in Agoniates anchovia, Brycon pesu, Hasemania nana, Markiana nigripinnis, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Roeboexodon geryi, and Stichonodon insignis . Some trees: Reversed in node 292.

2. Denticles on gill rakers (201): (0> 1) absent. Paralleled in the Gymnocharacinae, in nodes 245 and 253, and in Axelrodia lindeae . Some trees: Paralleled in Hyphessobrycon elachys and H. herbertaxelrodi .

3. Length of interhyal (211): (0> 1) equal to or longer than one-half of symplectic length. Paralleled in nodes 174 and 211 and in Hoplias cf. malabaricus .

4. Form of third postcleithrum (250): (1> 0) slender, without associated lamella. Reversal of synapomorphy 6 of node 204. Paralleled in node 242 and in Gymnocharacinus bergii and Rhoadsia altipinna .

5. Bony hooks on fin rays (307): (1> 0) absent. Paralleled in the Gymnocharacinae, in nodes 207, 283, 297, and 301, and in Astyanax paris, Bryconamericus mennii, Exodon paradoxus, Inpaichthys kerri, and Rhoadsia altipinna . Some trees: Paralleled in Hasemania nana and Hyphessobrycon elachys .