Autapomorphies of Hollandichthys multifasciatus:

1. Rhinosphenoid (47): (1> 0) absent. Reversal of synapomorphy 2 of the Characidae . Paralleled in nodes 207, 260, 280, and 298 and in Aphyocharax nattereri, Attonitus ephimeros, Brycon orbignyanus, Bryconamericus scleroparius, Pseudocorynopoma doriae, and Salminus brasiliensis .

2. Overlap of maxilla by second infraorbital (61): (0> 1) present. Reversal of synapomorphy 6 of node 205. Paralleled in Mimagoniates rheocharis .

3. Articulation between second and third infraorbitals (62): (0> 2) posteroventrally angled. Paralleled in the Characinae, in nodes 176 and 300, and in Bryconops melanurus .

4. Bony lamellae between second and third basibranchials (184): (1> 0) absent. Paralleled in the Serrasalmidae and in Attonitus ephimeros, Axelrodia lindeae, Hoplocharax goethei, Jupiaba scologaster, Piabucus melanostomus, Pyrrhulina australis, Rhaphiodon vulpinus, and Xenagoniates bondi .

5. Bony lamella dorsal to fourth basibranchial (185): (0> 1) absent. Reversal of synapomorphy 3 of node 203. Paralleled in node 296 and in Axelrodia lindeae, Gymnocharacinus bergii, Mimagoniates rheocharis, Nematocharax venustus, Paracheirodon axelrodi, and Prodontocharax melanotus . 6. First pelvic-fin ray (256): (0> 1) branched.

7. Number of branched pelvic-fin rays (258): (1> 0) six or less. Paralleled in the Aphyocharacinae, in nodes 220, 236, 280, and 302, and in Axelrodia lindeae, Cheirodon interruptus, Cyanocharax alburnus, Hoplocharax goethei, and Hyphessobrycon luetkenii . Some trees: Paralleled in Hasemania nana and Hyphessobrycon elachys .

8. Insemination (358): (0> 1) present. Paralleled in node 239.

9. Typeofspermatozoa(359):(0>1)introsperm.Paralleledinnode237.

10. Sperm storage area on testes (360): (0> 1) present, as broad as spermatogenic area.