Autapomorphies of Roeboides descalvadensis:

1. Lateral opening between ventral diverging lamellae of mesethmoid and anterior process of lateral ethmoid (15): (0> 1) small, ovate and partially occluded by diverging lamellae of mesethmoid and anterior process of lateral ethmoid. Paralleled in Markiana nigripinnis and Roeboexodon geryi .

2. Articulation between ventral margin of metapterygoid and posterodorsal margin of quadrate (155): (1> 0) absent. Paralleled in nodes 176 and 299 and in Deuterodon langei, Heterocharax macrolepis, Pristella maxillaris, and Thoracocharax stellatus .

3. Cartilages anterior to basihyal (188): (0> 1) two well developed blocks of cartilage. Paralleled in nodes 244 and 299 and in Hasemania nana, Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus, Metynnis maculatus, and Odontostilbe microcephala . Some trees: Paralleled in node 265.