Autapomorphies of Salminus brasiliensis:

1. Position of sphenotic spine relative to hyomandibula (11): (0> 1) displaced anteriorly relative to anterior margin of hyomandibula. Paralleled in nodes 162 and 211 and in Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro, Piabina argentea, and Serrasalmus maculatus .

2. Temporal fossa (13): (1> 0) well developed. Paralleled in node 300 and in Brycon meeki and Bryconexodon juruenae .

3. Form of anterior process of lateral ethmoid (14): (1> 0) broad in ventral view, contacting proximal region of vomer in its entire length. Reversal of synapomorphy 1 of node 179. Paralleled in Aulixidens eugeniae and Rhaphiodon vulpinus .

4. Rhinosphenoid (47): (1> 0) absent. Reversal of synapomorphy 2 of the Characidae . Paralleled in nodes 207, 260, 280, and 298 and in Aphyocharax nattereri, Attonitus ephimeros, Brycon orbignyanus, Bryconamericus scleroparius, Hollandichthys multifasciatus, and Pseudocorynopoma doriae .

5. Number of teeth in inner premaxillary row (130): (0> 1) eight or more. Paralleled in the Aphyoditeinae, in node 170, and in Brycon orbignyanus, Grundulus cochae, Phenacogaster tegatus, and Prionobrama paraguayensis .

6. Foramen in posterior region of metapterygoid (168): (2> 1) present, encircled by metapterygoid or bordered partially by cartilage. Paralleled in node 205.

7. Ventral margin of anterior ceratohyal (179): (0> 1) with notches for articulation of branchiostegal rays. Paralleled in nodes 167 and 189 and in Brycon orbignyanus and Micralestes stormsi .

8. Articulation between anterior and posterior ceratohyals (181): (0> 1) with bony interdigitations. Paralleled in node 210 and in Hoplias cf. malabaricus and Rhaphiodon vulpinus .

9. Coracoid foramen (243): (1> 0) absent or reduced to small pore. Reversal of synapomorphy 4 of node 179. Paralleled in node 205. Some trees: Paralleled in node 302 and in Brycon orbignyanus .

10. Dorsal-fin rays articulating with first dorsal pterygiophore (266): (0> 1) three or four. Paralleled in nodes 203 and 276 and in Metynnis maculatus . Some trees: Paralleled in Brycon orbignyanus .

11. Number of ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays (302): (0> 1) 12 or more. Paralleled in the Bryconops clade and in nodes 229 and 252.

12. Anterior extension of adductor arcus palatini (336): (1> 0) covering most of dorsal surface of mesopterygoid. Paralleled in node 166 and in Creagrutus anary and Markiana nigripinnis . Some trees: Paralleled in Brycon orbignyanus .

13. Sclerotic bones (350): (1> 0) single anteroventrally open bone.

Some trees:

14. Length of medial bony ridge of opercle (170): (1> 0) 60% or greater than opercular length. (k11-14). Paralleled in the Serrasalmidae, in node 210, and in Astyanax abramis, Creagrutus cf. taphorni, Hoplias cf. malabaricus, and Roeboides microlepis . Some trees: Paralleled in Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro .