Pamphilius, Latreille, 1803

Shinohara, Akihiko, Kramp, Katja & Taeger, Andreas, 2022, The Pamphiliinae of the Russian Far East and Korea (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae), Zootaxa 5167 (1), pp. 1-251 : 43-56

Key to the Pamphilius species of the Russian Far East and Korea

1 (a) Females (unknown for kimi and ochrostigma ). ... 2

– (aa) Males (unknown for albopictus , convexus , pallidus , pictifrons , and viridulus ). ... 43

2(1)

(a) Flagellomere 1 1.0–1.5 × length of flagellomere 2 ( Fig. 6 : 2a). ... 3

– (aa) Flagellomere 1 1.6–3.2 × length of flagellomere 2 ( Fig. 6 : 2aa). ... 20

3(2)

(a) Upper part of head largely orange (see Fig. 6 : 4a-c; 4aa-cc).

(b) Stigma yellow to orange in basal half and blackish in apical half ( Fig. 6 : 3b). ... 4

– (aa) Upper part of head mostly black, black with pale yellow marks or largely pale yellow ( Fig. 6 : 3aa).

(bb) Stigma not as above, usually unicolorous pale or dark, or margins darker than middle ( Fig. 6 : 3bb). ... 5

4(3)

(a) Upper head nearly impunctate and glabrous ( Fig. 6 : 4a-c).

(b) Upper frons below ocelli rather strongly convex, usually notched medially.

(c) Facial crest rather strongly convex. ... P. hilaris , p. 74

– (aa) Upper head with large, distinct punctures and pilose ( Fig. 6 : 4aa-cc).

(bb) Upper frons below ocelli weakly convex, not notched medially.

(cc) Facial crest weakly convex. ... P. sapporensis , p. 94

5(3)

(a) Antennal scape mostly or entirely yellow. ... 6

– (aa) Antennal scape mostly or entirely black, at least largely black above. ... 8

6(5)

(a) Cell C of forewing glabrous ( Fig. 6 : 6a).

(b) Ovipositor sheath very small, in lateral view about half as high as metatarsomere 1 long ( Fig. 6 : 6b).

(c) Paraantennal field glabrous.

(d) Terga 2–6 more or less marked with black basally. ... P. brevicornis brevicornis , p. 71

– (aa) Cell C of forewing ventrally pilose ( Fig. 6 : 6aa).

(bb) Ovipositor sheath large, in lateral view almost as high as metatarsomere 1 long ( Fig. 6 : 6bb).

(cc) Paraantennal field pilose.

(dd) Terga 2–6 without black marking. ... 7

7(6)

(a) Upper part of frons strongly swollen in front of ocelli ( Fig. 7 : 7a).

(b) Inner part of facial crest rounded, not distinctly carinate.

(c) Most of clypeus pale yellow ( Fig. 7 : 7c).

(d) Ovipositor sheath appendage large ( Fig. 7 : 7d). ... P. alnicola , p. 78

– (aa) Upper part of frons moderately or weakly swollen in front of ocelli ( Fig. 7 : 7aa).

(bb) Inner part of facial crest more or less carinate.

(cc) Pale yellow area on clypeus limited to anterior half ( Fig. 7 : 7cc).

(dd) Ovipositor sheath appendage small ( Fig. 7 : 7dd). ... P. montanus pulcher , p. 81

8(5)

(a) Abdomen mostly black above, without orange marking. ... 9

– (aa) Abdomen with orange marking above. ... 16

9(8)

(a) Fore femur yellow, basally marked with black. ... 10

– (aa) Fore femur completely yellow without black marks. ... 12

10(9)

(a) Upper frons without pale yellow mark ( Fig. 7 :10a).

(b) Pronotum entirely black.

(c) Abdomen entirely black. ... P. daisenus , p. 79

– (aa) Upper frons with pale yellow mark ( Fig. 7 :10aa).

(bb) Posterior dorsolateral corners and ventral margin of pronotum pale yellow.

(cc) Abdomen with pale yellow marks ventrally. ... 11

11(10)

(a) Stigma pale brown medially ( Fig. 7 : 11a).

(b) Mid and hind femora basally marked with black.

(c) Postocellar and postocular areas almost impunctate and glabrous (see Fig. 7 : 10aa (11c)). ... P. ussuriensis , p. 82

– (aa) Stigma mostly blackish brown, not pale brown medially ( Fig. 7 : 11aa).

(bb) Mid and hind femora yellow without black marks.

(cc) Postocellar and postocular areas with sparse small punctures and pilosity ( Fig. 7 : 11cc). ... P. graciloides , p. 80

12(9)

(a) Upper head distinctly punctate and pilose ( Fig. 7 : 12a). ... 13

– (aa) Upper head almost impunctate and glabrous ( Fig. 7 : 12aa). ... 14

13(12)

(a) Malar space largely black ( Fig. 7 : 13a, b; 13c(13a)).

(b) Broad area along upper inner orbit somewhat rugose.

(c) Head color pattern as in Fig. 7 : 13c.

(d) Body length 9.0–10.5 mm.

(e) Cell C of forewing ventrally pilose all over. ... P. planifrons , p. 93

– (aa) Malar space almost completely pale ( Fig. 7 : 13aa, bb; 13cc (13aa)).

(bb) Broad area along upper inner orbit somewhat smooth.

(cc) Head color pattern as in Fig. 7 : 13cc

(dd) Body length 8.0–9.5 mm.

(ee) Cell C of forewing entirely or mostly glabrous. ... P. rhoae , p. 94

14(12)

(a) Cell C of forewing glabrous (compare Fig. 6 : 6a).

(b) Antennal flagellum brown.

(c) Mesoscutal lateral lobe with large pale yellow mark.

(d) Abdomen ventrally black, with only posterior margins of sterna 3–6 and posterior part of each laterotergite pale yellow. ... P. convexus , p. 79

– (aa) Cell C of forewing ventrally pilose (compare Fig. 6 : 6aa).

(bb) Antennal flagellum blackish brown to black.

(cc) Mesoscutal lateral lobe without pale areas.

(dd) Ventral side of abdomen mostly pale yellowish or greenish. ... 15

15(14)

(a) Lower inner orbit with pale mark, usually connecting pale area on facial crest with pale area on malar space ( Fig. 7 : 15a, b).

(b) Upper part of frons and facial crest sparsely pilose ( Fig. 7 : 15a, b).

(c) Ovipositor sheath appendage large ( Fig. 7 : 15c).

(d) Body length 9.0–11.0 mm. ... P. volatilis , p. 83

– (aa) Lower inner orbit without pale mark ( Fig. 7 : 15aa, bb).

(bb) Upper part of frons and facial crest rather densely pilose ( Fig. 7 : 15aa, bb).

(cc) Ovipositor sheath appendage small ( Fig. 7 : 15cc).

(dd) Body length 11.0 mm. ... P. viridulus , p. 83

16(8)

(a) Postocellar and postocular areas almost impunctate and glabrous (compare Fig. 7 : 12aa). ... 17

– (aa) Postocellar and postocular areas distinctly punctate and pilose (compare Fig. 7 : 12a). ... 18

17(16)

(a) Head, thorax and abdomen largely pale. ... P. pallidus , p. 82

– (aa) Head, thorax and abdomen largely black. ... P. benesi , p. 79

18(16)

(a) Clypeus only anteriorly yellow ( Fig. 8 : 18a-c).

(b) Gena black with broad yellow stripe ( Fig. 8 : 18a-c).

(c) Paraantennal field smooth, ventral part almost impunctate ( Fig. 8 : 18a-c).

(d) Mesepisternum without yellow spot. ( P. stramineipes partim) ... 38

– (aa) Clypeus almost completely yellow ( Fig. 8 : 18aa-cc).

(bb) Gena completely black or with few yellow marks ( Fig. 8 : 18aa-cc).

(cc) Paraantennal field densely punctate ( Fig. 8 : 18aa-cc) or rugose (see Fig. 8 : 19a (18cc)).

(dd) Mesepisternum usually with yellow spot laterally in posterior part. ... 19

19(18)

(a) Paraantennal field rugose ( Fig. 8 : 19a).

(b) Gena rugose, rather mat ( Fig. 8 : 19b).

(c) Sterna 3–6 usually entirely or mostly pale yellow, sterna 2 and 7 basally black ( Fig. 8 : 19c). ... P. lobatus , p. 92

– (aa) Paraantennal field densely punctate ( Fig. 8 : 18aa-cc (19aa)).

(bb) Gena sparsely punctate, shiny ( Fig. 8 : 19bb).

(cc) Sterna 3–6 basally black and apically yellow (amount of yellow increasing towards apex of abdomen), sternum 2 almost completely black, sternum 7 black with broad apical yellow margin ( Fig. 8 : 19cc). ... P. belokobylskiji , p. 87

20(2)

(a) Clypeus entirely black, or with its narrow anterior margin pale yellow. ... 21

– (aa) Clypeus with its anterior half or large median part or more extensive areas pale. ... 26

21(20)

(a) Head, except for clypeus and gena, smooth, nearly impunctate and glabrous ( Fig. 8 : 21a).

(b) Abdomen almost entirely black, without orange marks. ... 22

– (aa) Head distinctly punctate and pilose all over ( Fig. 8 : 21aa).

(bb) Abdomen marked with orange. ... 23

22(21)

(a) Stigma yellow or pale green basally and black apically ( Fig. 8 : 22a).

(b) Cell C of forewing ventrally pilose anteriorly and glabrous posteriorly ( Fig. 8 : 22b). ... P. coreanus , p. 76

– (aa) Stigma semi-translucent brown, darkened marginally ( Fig. 8 : 22aa).

(bb) Cell C of forewing ventrally densely pilose all over ( Fig. 8 : 22bb). ... P. sulphureipes sulphureipes , p. 76

23(21)

(a) Head with only small postocular spot yellowish ( Fig. 8 : 23a). ... P. hortorum , p. 90

– (aa) Head with entire postocular stripe and often narrow anterior margin of clypeus yellowish (see Fig. 8 : 24a). ... 24

24(23)

(a) Postocular stripe terminating anteriorly at dorsal corner of inner orbit, not extending along inner orbit ( Fig. 8 : 24a).

(b) Stigma usually pale brown medially and blackish brown marginally (compare Fig. 8 : 22aa).

(c) Abdominal tergum 3 usually entirely black, at most with small orange spot at middle.

(d) Laterotergites largely black, each at least basally black. ... P. balteatus , p. 87

– (aa) Postocular stripe extending anteriorly along inner orbit ( Fig. 8 : 24aa).

(bb) Stigma entirely blackish brown ( Fig. 8 : 25bb) or with pale brown area in basal median part ( Fig. 8 : 25b).

(cc) Abdominal tergum 3 largely orange.

(dd) Laterotergites mostly pale yellow or orange. ... 25

25(24)

(a) Anterior margin of clypeus pale yellow ( Fig. 8 : 24aa(25a)).

(b) Stigma with pale brown area in basal median part ( Fig. 8 : 25b).

(c) Wings nearly hyaline or indistinctly stained with brown, veins at wing base mainly dark brown (see Fig. 8 : 25b).

(d) Lateral black spots on abdominal terga 3–5 large ( Fig. 8 : 25d). ... P. itoi , p. 91

– (aa) Anterior margin of clypeus usually entirely black ( Fig. 8 : 21aa(25aa)).

(bb) Stigma only with indistinct pale brown area in basal median part ( Fig. 8 : 25bb).

(cc) Wings distinctly stained with brown, veins at wing base mainly pale brown (see Fig. 8 : 25bb).

(dd) Lateral black spots on abdominal terga 3–5 minute or missing ( Fig. 8 : 25dd). ... P. aucupariae , p. 86

26(20)

(a) Upper head, frons and paraantennal field without distinct punctures, nearly or entirely glabrous ( Fig. 8 : 26a).

(b) Frons below ocelli and facial crest strongly convex (see Fig. 8 : 26a). ... 27

– (aa) Upper head, frons and paraantennal field distinctly punctate and pilose ( Fig. 8 : 26aa; in P. varius often upper head glabrous).

(bb) Frons below ocelli and facial crest less convex (see Fig. 8 : 26aa; in P. latifrons , facial crest strongly convex). ... 33

27(26)

(a) Ovipositor sheath with two projections but without appendage ( Fig. 8 : 27a).

(b) Tarsal claws with inner tooth thicker and longer than outer tooth ( Fig. 8 : 27b). ... P. histrio , p. 72

– (aa) Ovipositor sheath without projections and with appendage (compare Fig. 9 : 31b; 31bb).

(bb) Tarsal claws with inner tooth various in thickness, as long as or shorter than outer tooth (compare Fig. 9 : 40bb). ... 28

28(27)

(a) Larger species, body length 13.0–15.5 mm.

(b) Head mostly brownish or orange with yellow marks, or yellow and orange with a large black marking on ocellar and postocellar areas (see Fig. 9 : 28a, 28aa).

(c) Antennal scape entirely pale. ... 28*

– (aa) Smaller species, body length 8.0–11.0 mm.

(bb) Head black with pale yellow marks.

(cc) Antennal scape usually largely black. ... 29

28*(28)

(a) Head and mesoscutum almost entirely orange with yellow marks ( Fig. 9 : 28a).

(b) Wings with distinct cloud in apical third.

(c) Abdomen with segments 1–5 orange, remaining segments mainly black with few yellow marks. ... P. croceus , p. 69

– (aa) Head and mesoscutum with large black marks ( Fig. 9 : 28aa).

(bb) Wings without distinct cloud in apical third.

(cc) Abdomen ventrally yellow, dorsally orange, tergum 1 and narrow bases of terga 2–5 black. ... P. maximus , p. 72

29(27)

(a) Abdomen dorsally with tergum 2 mostly black and tergum 6 often more or less pale; ventrally mainly yellow, at least sterna 3–6 posteriorly broadly yellow and sterna 2 and 7 posteriorly with narrow yellow margin. ... 30

– (aa) Abdomen black with segments 2–5 almost completely orange to yellow, remaining abdomen mainly black, sterna 6 and 7 with posterior margin yellow ( Fig. 9 : 29a). ( P. kyutekparki partim) ... 38

30(29)

(a) Gena, frons and paraantennal fields entirely or mostly black ( Fig. 9 : 30a).

(b) Postocellar area with pale marking along lateral sutures very small or missing.

(c) Stigma pale with apical half or more extensive areas brownish ( Fig. 9 : 30c).

(d) Abdomen mostly black above, without orange marking. ... P. zhelochovtsevi zhelochovtsevi , p. 77

– (aa) Gena, frons and paraantennal fields mostly pale ( Fig. 9 : 30aa, see Fig. 9 : 32a, 32 aa).

(bb) Postocellar area with pale marking along lateral sutures very large.

(cc) Stigma pale, anterior margin usually darkened ( Fig. 9 : 30cc).

(dd) Abdomen with orange marking above (see Figs 31a, 31 aa). ... 31

31(30)

(a) Abdominal tergum 3 black ( Fig. 9 : 31a).

(b) Ovipositor sheath appendage large, knob-like ( Fig. 9 : 31b). ... P. tricolor , p. 73

– (aa) Abdominal tergum 3 partly orange ( Fig. 9 : 31aa).

(bb) Ovipositor sheath appendage small and slender ( Fig. 9 : 31bb). ... 32

32(31)

(a) Head mostly pale yellow, without black spot at posterolateral corner of eye ( Fig. 9 : 32a).

(b) Ovipositor sheath appendage directed downwards (see Fig. 9 : 31bb). ... P. virescens , p. 73

– (aa) Head with more black areas, with large black spot at posterolateral corner of eye ( Fig. 9 : 32aa).

(bb) Ovipositor sheath appendage directed backwards. ... P. pictifrons , p. 72

33(26)

(a) Ovipositor sheath appendage large, short, thick, and rounded, without long setae ( Fig. 9 : 33a). ... 34

– (aa) Ovipositor sheath appendage slender, various in size, with or without setae (see Fig. 9 : 39a–aa). ... 36

34(33)

(a) Cervical sclerite entirely black, rarely with obscure pale marking ( Fig. 9 : 34a). ... P. pallipes , p. 93

– (aa) Cervical sclerite with distinct pale yellow marking ( Fig. 9 : 34aa). ... 35

35(34)

(a) Ovipositor sheath appendage with dorsal and ventral margins subequal in length in lateral view ( Fig. 9 : 33a (35a)).

(b) Frons usually marked with pale yellow above level of toruli.

(c) Pale yellow marking on gena very often extending to occipital carina and connected with posterior end of postocular stripe. ... P. alnivorus , p. 85

– (aa) Ovipositor sheath appendage with dorsal margin distinctly shorter than ventral margin in lateral view ( Fig. 9 : 33a (35aa)).

(bb) Frons with or without pale yellow marking above level of toruli.

(cc) Pale yellow marking on gena very often not extending to occipital carina and not connected with posterior end of postocular stripe. ... P. masao , p. 93

36(33)

(a) Head black, with only postocular stripe and anterior margin of clypeus pale yellow. ... P. leleji , p.91

– (aa) Head more richly pale-marked, at least clypeus mostly pale yellow and part of inner orbits, frons, or gena usually marked with pale yellow. ... 37

37(36)

(a) Cervical sclerite and mesepisternum mostly or entirely black (compare Fig. 9 : 34a). ... 38

– (aa) Cervical sclerite and mesepisternum with large pale yellow areas (compare Fig. 9 : 34aa). ... 39

38(18, 29, 37)

(a) Flagellomere 1 1.5–1.9 × length of flagellomere 2 (see Fig. 6 : 2a).

(b) Stigma concolorous pale brown to brown. ... P. stramineipes , p. 95

– (aa) Flagellomere 1 2.5–2.8 × length of flagellomere 2 (see Fig. 6 : 2aa).

(bb) Stigma bicolored, pale yellow with various extent of blackish brown area posteroapically. ... P. kyutekparki , p. 70

39(37)

(a) Ovipositor sheath appendage large, elongate and almost glabrous ( Fig. 9 : 39a). ... P. heecheonparki , p. 89

– (aa) Ovipositor sheath appendage thin and setose ( Fig. 9 : 39aa). ... 40

40(39)

(a) Facial crest strongly and roundly swollen, with distinct elongate depression laying just behind it extending from inner orbit to lateral ocellus ( Fig. 9 : 40a).

(b) Tarsal claws with inner tooth about as long as or slightly longer than outer tooth ( Fig. 9 : 40b). ... P. latifrons , p. 75

– (aa) Facial crest not as above, and no distinct depression behind it (compare Fig. 9 : 30a; 30aa).

(bb) Tarsal claws with inner tooth shorter than outer tooth ( Fig. 9 : 40bb). ... 41

41(40)

(a) Inner orbit black, often with narrow fading pale yellowish stripe ( Fig. 10 : 41a, b).

(b) Frons usually without pale yellow spot ( Fig. 10 : 41a, b).

(c) Gena black with pale yellow spot at lower outer orbit.

(d) Mesoscutal lateral lobe usually without pale yellow marking.

(e) Cell C of forewing densely pilose all over. ... P. archiducalis , p. 86

– (aa) Inner orbit usually broadly pale yellow (see Fig. 10 : 42a-d; 42aa-dd).

(bb) Frons with or without pale yellow spot.

(cc) Gena usually mostly pale yellow.

(dd) Mesoscutal lateral lobe usually with pale yellow marking.

(ee) Cell C of forewing glabrous or sparsely pilose (in European specimens of P. albopictus often mostly pilose). ... 42

42(41)

(a) Upper part of frons and facial crest with very dense, deep punctures, almost rugoso-reticulate ( Fig. 10 : 42a-d).

(b) Vertex distinctly punctate and pilose.

(c) Frons usually without distinct pale yellow marking.

(d) Pale yellow area on paraantennal field usually restricted to inner orbit. ... P. albopictus , p. 84

– (aa) Upper part of frons and facial crest with sparse, shallow punctures ( Fig. 10 : 42aa-dd).

(bb) Vertex usually without distinct punctures, often glabrous.

(cc) Frons with large distinct pale yellow marking.

(dd) Paraantennal field often mostly pale yellow. ... P. varius , p. 95

43(1)

(a) Flagellomere 1 0.9–1.6 × length of flagellomere 2. ... 44

– (aa) Flagellomere 1 1.6–3.2 × length of flagellomere 2. ... 60

44(43)

(a) Stigma yellow to orange in basal half and blackish in apical half ( Fig. 10 : 44a). ... 45

– (aa) Stigma not as above, blackish to pale, frequently margins darker than middle ( Fig. 10 : 44aa). ... 46

45(44)

(a) Upper head sparsely punctate or nearly impunctate and glabrous ( Fig. 10 : 45a-d).

(b) Upper frons below ocelli strongly convex, distinctly notched medially.

(c) Facial crest strongly convex.

(d) Pale colour of temple not extending to vertex. ... P. hilaris , p. 74

– (aa) Upper head with large, distinct punctures and pilose ( Fig. 10 : 45aa-dd).

(bb) Upper frons below ocelli weakly convex, not notched medially.

(cc) Facial crest weakly convex.

(dd) Pale colour of temple extending to vertex and reaching lateral postocellar furrow. ... P. sapporensis , p. 94

46(44)

(a) Antennal scape entirely yellow, at most with faint dark spot as in Fig. 10 : 47a, b. ... 47

– (aa) Antennal scape partly or entirely black. ... 53

47(46)

(a) Upper frons strongly roundly swollen, medially notched ( Fig. 10 : 47a, b).

(b) Facial crest strongly swollen, rounded.

(c) Cell C of forewing entirely glabrous. ... P. brevicornis brevicornis , p. 71

– (aa) Upper frons moderately or strongly swollen, not rounded ( Fig. 10 : 47aa, bb).

(bb) Facial crest strongly swollen and sharply carinate.

(cc) Cell C of forewing entirely pilose (only partly pilose or nearly glabrous in P. benesi ). ... 48

48(47)

(a) Genitalia with harpe broad, apical part with large half-membranous area ( Fig. 10 : 48a).

(b) Abdomen dorsally black, and mesepisternum ventrally (pectus) largely black ( Fig. 10 : 48b). ... P. ussuriensis , p. 82

– (aa) Genitalia with harpe elongate, narrowed towards apex, apically without large half-membranous area.

(bb) Abdomen dorsally orange marked, or / and mesepisternum also ventrally largely pale ( Fig. 10 : 50a; 50aa). ... 49

49(48)

(a) Abdomen without orange mark above (compare Fig. 11 : 59aa). ... 50

– (aa) Abdomen with orange marks at least on segments 4 and 5. ... 51

50(49)

(a) Valviceps apically not curved outwards in dorsal view. ... 50*

(aa) Valviceps apically curved outwards in dorsal view. ... 52

50*(50)

(a) Ventral part of mesepisternum with large black area along outer margins of pectus and along median line ( Fig. 10 : 50a).

(b) Stigma uniformly blackish brown ( Fig. 10 : 44aa (50b)).

(c) Postocular stripe sometimes reduced or nearly missing, when present, its anterior apex not widened, usually more or less narrowed, and its posterior apex usually not connected with pale yellow area on gena.

(d) Postocular area beside lateral postocellar furrow black. ... P. volatilis , p. 83

– (aa) Ventral part of mesepisternum including pectus mostly pale yellow, with narrow area along posterior margin black ( Fig. 10 : 50aa).

(bb) Stigma very pale brown, almost colorless, with broad margins blackish ( Fig. 10 : 44aa (50bb)).

(cc) Postocular stripe well developed, with its anterior apex more or less widened, not narrowed, and its posterior apex connected ventrally with pale yellow area on gena.

(dd) Postocular area often with small pale spot beside lateral postocellar furrow. ... P. ochrostigma , p. 82

51(49)

(a) Valviceps apically not curved outwards in dorsal view ( Fig. 10 : 51a).

(b) Wings uniformly slightly stained with brown. ... P. montanus pulcher , p. 81

– (aa) Valviceps apically curved outwards in dorsal view ( Fig. 10 : 51aa).

(bb) Wings usually clear hyaline, hindwing sometimes slightly brownish. ... 52

52(50, 51)

(a) Body length 9.0–12.0 mm.

(b) Forewing with cell C ventrally pilose all over (see Fig. 6 : 6aa).

(c) Abdominal terga 3 to 6 mostly and terga 7 and 8 medially orange, in dark specimens only terga 4 and 5 largely orange. ... P. alnicola , p. 78

– (aa) Body length 8.0–10.0 mm.

(bb) Forewing with cell C glabrous with only sparse pilosity at apex and along anterior margin.

(cc) Abdominal terga 3 to 5 with small median orange marks or black. ... P. benesi , p. 79

53(46)

(a) Postocellar and postocular areas impunctate and glabrous or sparsely punctate and pilose ( Fig. 11 : 53a, b).

(b) Facial crest strongly convex, rounded or sharply carinate. ... 54

– (aa) Postocellar and postocular areas distinctly punctate and densely pilose ( Fig. 11 : 53aa, bb).

(bb) Facial crest moderately convex, rounded or very bluntly carinate. ... 56

54(53)

(a) Body length 11.5–14.0 mm.

(b) Mainly pale species, dorsally with broad black marks (head Fig. 11 : 53a, b-right), abdomen dorsally largely orange.

(c) Flagellomere 1 longer than 1.5 × length of flagellomere 2. ... P. maximus , p. 72

– (aa) Body length less than 10.0 mm.

(bb) Mainly black species with yellow marks.

(cc) Flagellomere 1 shorter than 1.2 × length of flagellomere 2. ... 55

55(54)

(a) Face pale yellow, only antennal furrows black ( Fig. 11 : 55a; see Fig. 11 : 53a, b-left).

(b) Fore and mid femora entirely pale yellow, fore femur rarely with obscure black mark on posterior surface. ... P. graciloides , p.80

– (aa) Face above toruli black, lower face yellow, clypeus with anterior margin black ( Fig. 11 : 55aa; see Fig. 11 : 53a, b-middle).

(bb) Fore and mid femora basally black. ... P. daisenus , p. 79

56(53)

(a) Mesepisternum anteriorly largely black, pectus completely black ( Fig. 11 : 56a).

(b) Flagellomere 1 1.4–1.6 × length of flagellomere 2. ... P. stramineipes , p. 95

– (aa) Mesepisternum entirely or predominantly pale yellow, pectus at least partly pale yellow ( Fig. 11 : 56aa).

(bb) Flagellomere 1 1.0–1.4 × length of flagellomere 2. ... 57

57(56)

(a) Genitalia with valviceps strongly expanding at apex ( Fig. 11 : 57a).

(b) Head color pattern as in Fig. 11 : 57b. ... P. lobatus , p. 92

– (aa) Genitalia with valviceps weakly expanding at apex ( Fig. 11 : 57aa).

(bb) Head color pattern as in Figs 11 : 57bb and 58bb. ... 58

58(57)

(a) Abdomen black and orange above, at least terga 3–5 largely orange ( Fig. 11 : 58a). ... P. belokobylskiji , p. 87

– (aa) Abdomen black above, without orange areas or with small orange areas on terga 4–5 (see Fig. 11 : 59a; 59aa). ... 59

59(58)

(a) Abdominal terga 4 and 5 usually with small orange marks medially ( Fig. 11 : 59a).

(b) Facial crest rounded ( Fig. 11 : 59b).

(c) Flagellomere 1 1.1–1.3 × length of flagellomere 2.

(d) Body length 7.5–8.5 mm. ... P. rhoae , p. 94

– (aa) Abdominal terga 4 and 5 without orange marks ( Fig. 11 : 59aa).

(bb) Facial crest bluntly carinate ( Fig. 11 : 59bb).

(cc) Flagellomere 1 1.0 × length of flagellomere 2.

(dd) Body length 8.5–9.0 mm. ... P. planifrons , p. 93

60(43)

(a) Tarsal claws with inner tooth about as long as or shorter than outer tooth ( Fig. 11 : 60a). ... 61

– (aa) Tarsal claws with inner tooth longer than outer tooth ( Fig. 11 : 60aa). ... 82

61(60)

(a) Valviceps anchor-like in dorsal view ( Figs 11 : 61a). ... 62

– (aa) Valviceps not anchor-like in dorsal view (e.g., Fig. 11 : 61aa), or genitalia covered and valviceps not visible. ... 64

62(61,79)

(a) Flagellomere 1 2.5–3.0 × length of flagellomere 2. ... P. varius , p. 95

– (aa) Flagellomere 1 1.6–2.2 × length of flagellomere 2. ... 63

63(62)

(a) Abdomen dorsally largely black.

(b) Valviceps short, inner margin of gonostipes concave, and inner margin of harpe nearly straight (see Fig. 11 : 61a (63b)).

(c) Body length 7.0–10.5 mm. ... P. heecheonparki , p. 89

– (aa) Abdomen dorsally orange above.

(bb) Valviceps longer, inner margin of gonostipes weakly convex, and inner margin of harpe concave (see Fig. 11 : 61a (63bb))

(cc) Body length 10.5–13.0 mm. ... P. kimi , p. 91

64(61)

(a) Upper head and paraantennal field glabrous or sparsely pilose, with or without very sparse minute punctures, or with minute punctures and silky microsculpture ( Fig. 12 : 64a, b).

(b) Frons below ocelli and facial crest moderately to strongly convex ( Fig. 12 : 64a, b). ... 65

– (aa) Upper head, frons and paraantennal field usually distinctly pilose, distinctly punctate ( Fig. 12 : 64aa, bb).

(bb) Frons below ocelli and facial crest weakly or moderately convex ( Fig. 12 : 64aa, bb). ... 72

65(64)

(a) Abdomen black dorsally with only narrow lateral margins pale yellow ( Fig. 12 : 65a). ... 66

– (aa) Abdomen dorsally with black, pale yellow and orange areas ( Fig. 12 : 65aa). ... 68

66(65)

(a) Cell C of forewing entirely glabrous (compare Fig. 6 : 6a).

(b) Head in frontal view with ventral part of paraantennal field strongly expanded laterally ( Fig. 12 : 66b).

(c) Pectus largely or entirely yellow ( Fig. 12 : 66c). ... P. zhelochovtsevi zhelochovtsevi , p. 77

– (aa) Cell C of forewing ventrally pilose at least in anterior part (see Fig. 12 : 67b; 67bb).

(bb) Head in frontal view with ventral part of paraantennal field not strongly expanded laterally ( Fig. 12 : 66bb).

(cc) Pectus entirely black ( Fig. 12 : 66cc). ... 67

67(66) (a) Stigma yellow basally and black apically ( Fig. 12 : 67a).

(b) Cell C of forewing ventrally pilose anteriorly and glabrous posteriorly ( Fig. 12 : 67b). ... P. coreanus , p. 76

– (aa) Stigma semi-translucent brown, darkened marginally ( Fig. 12 : 67aa).

(bb) Cell C of forewing ventrally densely pilose all over ( Fig. 12 : 67bb). ... P. sulphureipes sulphureipes , p. 76

68(65, 72)

(a) Upper frons moderately to strongly swollen, with distinct setiferous punctures ( Fig. 12 : 64a, b (68a)).

(b) Facial crest moderately convex, rounded or bluntly carinate, distinctly pilose dorsally.

(c) Cell C of forewing ventrally entirely pilose (compare Fig. 12 : 67bb). ... P. kyutekparki , p. 70

– (aa) Upper frons very strongly swollen, without distinct punctures ( Fig. 12 : 64a, b (68aa)).

(bb) Facial crest very strongly convex, usually carinate, glabrous.

(cc) Cell C of forewing entirely or partly glabrous (compare Fig. 6 : 6a; Fig. 12 : 67b). ... 69

69(68)

(a) Upper head black without pale yellow marks ( Fig. 12 : 69a).

(b) Mesoscutal median lobe entirely black or with brownish marking.

(c) Wings strongly stained with dark brown ( Fig. 12 : 69c). ... P. croceus , p. 69

– (aa) Upper head black with extensive pale yellow areas ( Fig. 12 : 69aa; 71a; 71aa).

(bb) Mesoscutal median lobe with large pale yellow marking.

(cc) Wings not distinctly brownish ( Fig. 12 : 69cc). ... 70

70(69)

(a) Abdominal terga 2 and 3 orange in posterior half ( Fig. 12 : 70d).

(b) Body length 11.5–14.0 mm.

(c) Antennal scape with broad black spot above (see Fig. 12 : 69aa). ... P. maximus , p. 72

– (aa) Abdominal terga 2 and 3 almost entirely black ( Fig. 12 : 65aa, 70dd).

(bb) Body length usually 7.0–11.0 ( P. histrio up to13.0) mm.

(cc) Antennal scape entirely pale yellow or with dark spot above. ... 71

71(70)

(a) Postocellar area with oblong yellow mark at lateral margin, anteriorly reaching transverse suture and extending inward along the suture, often fused at middle ( Fig. 12 : 71a). ... P. virescens , p. 73

– (aa) Postocellar area completely black or with oblong yellow mark at lateral margin of postocellar area restricted to posterior part, not reaching transverse suture ( Fig. 12 : 71aa; see Fig. 13 : 82a, c; 82aa, cc). ... 82

72(64)

(a) Stigma pale yellow, with posteroapical part blackish ( P. kyutekparki partim). ... 68

– (aa) Stigma not as above, generally concolorous. ... 73

73(72)

(a) Cell C of forewing pilose all over. ... 74

– (aa) Cell C of forewing glabrous, if pilose, only partly. ... 78

74(73)

(a) Head mostly black: postocular stripe reduced to small postocular spot, clypeus with only narrow anterior margin pale yellow, paraantennal field with only small spot along inner orbit pale yellow ( Fig. 12 : 74a). ... P. hortorum , p. 90

– (aa) Head not so dark: postocular stripe entire, clypeus and paraantennal field largely pale yellow ( Fig. 12 : 74aa). ... 75

75(74)

(a) Head ( Fig. 12 : 75a) with inner dorsal part of paraantennal field and median part of frons mostly black, pale areas on paraantennal field and clypeus often separated by narrow black stripe, malar space and gena with large black areas.

(b) Mesoscutal median lobe entirely black. ... P. itoi , p. 91

– (aa) Head (compare Fig. 12 : 75aa) with anterior surface up to level of facial crests (including inner dorsal part of paraantennal field and median part of frons), malar space and lower gena usually mostly pale yellow.

(bb) Mesoscutal median lobe with large pale yellow spot. ... 76

76(75)

(a) Thorax laterally and ventrally entirely black or nearly so ( Fig. 13 : 76a).

(b) Valviceps very long, distinctly bent downwards near base ( Fig. 13 : 76b). ... P. aucupariae , p. 86

– (aa) Thorax laterally and ventrally with large pale yellow areas ( Fig. 13 : 76aa).

(bb) Valviceps not exceptionally long, not distinctly bent downwards near base ( Fig. 13 : 76bb). ... 77

77(76)

(a) Gena and temple almost completely yellow ( Fig. 13 : 77a).

(b) Abdomen usually with only terga 4 and 5 largely dorsally orange. ... P. balteatus , p. 87

– (aa) Gena and temple posteriorly largely black ( Fig. 13 : 77aa).

(bb) Abdomen with terga 3–5(–8) largely dorsally orange. ... P. archiducalis , p. 86

78(73)

(a) Stigma blackish brown. ... P. leleji , p. 91

– (aa) Stigma pale yellow to pale brown, margins often somewhat darker. ... 79

79(78)

(a) Malar space completely yellow (compare Fig. 13 : 77a; 77aa).

(b) Valviceps anchor-like in dorsal view. ... 62

– (aa) Malar space often partly or entirely black (see Fig. 13 : 81b; 81bb).

(bb) Valviceps not anchor-like in dorsal view. ... 80

80(79)

(a) Valviceps short, directed backwards or downwards ( Fig. 13 : 80a). ... P. alnivorus , p. 85

– (aa) Valviceps long, directed upwards (see Fig. 13 : 81a; 81aa). ... 81

81(80)

(a) Valviceps in dorsal view broadly inflated at apex, in lateral view narrow with lateral wall not flattened ( Fig. 13 : 81a).

(b) Species with less black markings ( Fig. 13 : 81b): malar space usually with dorsal half or more pale yellow, mesoscutal median lobe and mesoscutellum usually with large pale yellow spot, cervical sclerite usually entirely pale yellow ventrally and pectus frequently marked with pale yellow. ... P. masao , p. 93

– (aa) Valviceps in dorsal view rather narrowly inflated at apex, in lateral view broad with posteroventral part of lateral wall broad and flattened ( Fig. 13 : 81aa).

(bb) Species with more black markings ( Fig. 13 : 81bb): malar space usually entirely black or with narrow pale yellow line along eye margin, mesoscutal median lobe usually entirely black or with small pale yellow spot, mesoscutellum usually with small pale yellow spot, cervical sclerite usually entirely black or with pale yellow spot, pectus almost always without pale yellow area. ... P. pallipes , p. 93

82 (60, 71)

(a) Upper head distinctly pilose and punctate ( Fig. 13 : 82a, c).

(b) Pectus black (compare Fig. 13 : 76aa).

(c) Antennal scape yellow with dark spot above ( Fig. 13 : 82a, c).

(d) Valviceps short, strongly bent ventrolaterally at apex in dorsal view ( Fig. 13 : 82d). … P. latifrons , p. 75

– (aa) Upper head glabrous, with sparse minute punctures, with ( Fig. 13 : 82aa, cc) or without silky microsculpture.

(bb) Pectus mainly pale yellow (compare Fig. 10 : 50aa).

(cc) Antennal scape entirely pale yellow ( Fig. 13 : 82aa, cc).

(dd) Valviceps long and slender in dorsal view ( Fig. 13 : 82dd). ... 83

83(82)

(a) Tarsal claws with inner tooth longer than outer tooth ( Fig. 13 : 83a).

(b) Antenna relatively long ( Fig. 13 : 83b, c).

(c) Upper head smooth between punctures ( Fig. 13 : 83b, c). … P. histrio , p. 72

– (aa) Tarsal claws with inner tooth shorter than outer tooth ( Fig. 13 : 83aa).

(bb) Antenna relatively short ( Fig. 13 : 83bb, cc).

(cc) Upper head with silky microsculpture between punctures ( Fig. 13 : 82aa, cc; 83bb, cc). ... P. tricolor , p. 73

Figures

FIGURE 6. Key to Pamphilius species 1

FIGURE 7. Key to Pamphilius species 2

FIGURE 8. Key to Pamphilius species 3

FIGURE 9. Key to Pamphilius species 4

FIGURE 10. Key to Pamphilius species 5

FIGURE 11. Key to Pamphilius species 6

FIGURE 12. Key to Pamphilius species 7

FIGURE 13. Key to Pamphilius species 8

FIGURE 31. Neurotoma silla, male, Korea – (a) dorsally, (b) ventrally, (c) laterally, (d) antenna, (e) wings, (f) face, (g) apex abdomen dorsally, (h) apex abdomen ventrally, (i) genitalia dorsally & ventrally.