Pamphilius alternans

Shinohara, Akihiko, Kramp, Katja & Taeger, Andreas, 2022, The Pamphiliinae of the Russian Far East and Korea (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae), Zootaxa 5167 (1), pp. 1-251 : 68-69

Pamphilius alternans group

The members of this species group are characterized as follows: clypeus entirely yellow; antenna with scape entirely yellow, in females sometimes marked with dark brown or entirely black; antennal flagellomere 1 2.2–3.0 × length of flagellomere 2; right mandible tridentate with incision between median and apical teeth distinct; left mandible tridentate with low middle tooth or bidentate with no middle tooth; forewing sometimes with brownish infuscated area and cell C pilose or glabrous; femora entirely pale, except in P. lethierryi subgroup. Ovipositor sheath appendage more or less pilose ( Fig. 90g ). Male genitalia: ventral arm of gonostipes with narrow plate-like process along proximal margin, developing inside gonocardo; inner margin of harpe roundly or angularly produced at base; apiceps broad; valviceps in lateral view rather short, apex directed above, ventral margin rounded, without conspicuous dorsoapical process.

Three subgroups ( P. alternans , P. komonensis and P. lethierryi subgroups) containing 17 world species are known in the Palaearctic region ( Shinohara 2002b; Shinohara & Zhou 2006). We recognized two species of the P. komonensis subgroup in the Russian Far East and Korea.

Twenty-seven sequences of nine species of three subgroups were treated in COI analysis and 15 sequences of six species of the same three subgroups were treated in NaK analysis. In the COI analysis ( Fig. 140 ), the P. alternans subgroup (11 specimens of four species) was recovered as monophyletic with high UFBoot value (99%). Also, a part of the P. komonensis subgroup ( P. komonensis Takeuchi, 1930 + P. kyutekparki Shinohara, 1991 ) and another part of the P. komonensis subgroup ( P. croceus + P. takeuchii ) are both retrieved as monophyletic, respectively, with 100% UFBoot value. These three clades form a monophyletic group ( P. alternans group without P. lethierryi subgroup), but with low UFBoot support (78%) and unexpected inclusion in this clade of P. norimbergensis Enslin, 1917 , which is currently placed in the P. vafer group ( Shinohara 2002b). The only remaining specimen of the P. alternans group included in the COI analysis, namely, one sequence of the P. lethierryi subgroup, was recovered as sister to P. histrio ( P. histrio group) but with very low UFBoot support (63%) in the remote part of the tree. Our COI analysis therefore did not support the monophyly of the P. alternans group ( P. alternans + P. komonensis + P. lethierryi subgroups). The placement of P. norimbergensis , whose samples were not available for the NaK analysis, should be confirmed by further studies. In the NaK analysis ( Fig. 154 ), the P. alternans group (three subgroups) and the P. komonensis subgroup (13 sequences of four species) were retrieved as monophyletic with high UFBoot support (99% and 100%, respectively). The P. alternans subgroup (one specimen available) was sister to the P. lethierryi subgroup (one specimen available) but with very low UFBoot support (30%).

Almost all recorded host plants for the members of this species group are Sapindaceae (Acer) ( Shinohara 2002b). The only exception is the European P. marginatus feeding on Betulaceae ( Carpinus and Corylus ) ( Taeger et al. 1998).

Figures

FIGURE 90. Pamphilius kyutekparki, female, Korea – (a) dorsally, (b) lateroventrally, (c) head & thorax dorsally, (d) head & thorax ventrolaterally, (e) face, (f) antenna, (g) sawsheath laterally, (h) claw.

FIGURES 140–141: Condensed ML tree based on CO1 gene sequences, with details of Pamphilius 140. alternans group. 141. basilaris group.

FIGURES 154–155: Condensed ML tree based on NaK gene sequences, with details of Pamphilius 154. alternans group. 155. basilaris group.