Gonatocerus (Lymaenon) aureus Girault, 1911

Triapitsyn, Serguei V., 2013, Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions, Zootaxa 3644 (1), pp. 1-178 : 47-56

Gonatocerus (Lymaenon) aureus Girault, 1911

( Figs 65–77 )

Gonatocerus aureus Girault 1911: 263–264 , 274 (key).

Originally described from 3 female specimens, although only 1 female was designated as “Type” (“on a slide together with Polynema and other mymarids”, INHS Accession No. 44,215), thus it was the holotype (not examined); it is lost according to Huber (1988). The other two specimens mentioned (from Du Bois, Washington Co., Illinois, USA) had no type status. Type locality (both original and of the neotype designated here): Urbana, Champaign Co., Illinois, USA.

Gonatocerus brunneus tenuipennis Girault 1911: 263 (as a new variety).

Originally described from 2 female specimens, although only 1 female were designated as “Type” (i.e., the holotype on slide, INHS Accession No. 44,214, which is lost ( Huber 1988), not examined). The other specimen (from Urbana, Illinois) mentioned had no type status; it belongs to G. aureus and is designated as its neotype. Type locality: Centralia, Illinois, USA. Syn. n.

Gonatocerus aureus Girault: Girault 1929: 26 (key); Huber 1988: 31 (member of the litoralis species group ).

Gonatocerus tenuipennis Girault: Girault 1929: 26 (key); Huber 1988: 31 (member of the litoralis species group ).

Lymaenon chrysis Debauche 1948: 99–100 + plate X (illustrations).

Type locality: Heverlee (as Héverlé in the original description), Leuven, Flemish Brabant, Belgium. Syn. n.

Gonatocerus flavus Soyka: 1950 : 127–128.

Holotype female [lost from PPDD] (not examined). Type locality: Giza, Giza Governorate, Egypt. Gonatocerus vopros Triapitsyn nom. n. pro G. flavus Soyka, 1950 (nec G. flavus Foerster, 1841 ). Syn. n.

Lymaenon aureus (Girault) : Burks 1958: 63 (catalog [not actually listed but referring to Peck (1951)]); Peck 1963: 21 (catalog).

Lymaenon tenuipennis (Girault) : Burks 1958: 63 (catalog [not actually listed but referring to Peck (1951)]); Peck 1963: 26 (catalog).

Lymaenon chrysis Debauche : Boţoc 1960: 144–146 (redescription and illustrations of the female); Mathot 1969: 10 (key).

Lymaenon pahlgamensis Narayanan 1961: 25–26 , 28 (illustration).

Holotype female [ IARI] (not examined). Type locality: Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Syn. n.

Gonatocerus kanheriensis Mani & Saraswat in Mani et al. 1973: 87–89.

Holotype female [ USNM] (not examined). Type locality: Thana Hills, Krishnagiri, Mumbai (but in the original description indicated as Borivili National Park, below Kanheri caves, Bombay), Maharashtra, India. Synonymized under G. pahlgamensis by Zeya & Hayat 1995: 114. Syn. n.

Gonatocerus chrysis (Debauche) : Graham 1973: 48 (record from England, UK); Matthews 1986: 227 (diagnosis, measurements, distribution); Donev 1988e: 204 [as Gonatucerus (sic) chrysis ] (distribution); Zeya & Hayat 1995: 117 (comments); Baquero & Jordana 2003: 7 –10 (diagnosis, female redescription, male description, distribution); Donev 2005: 380 –381 (diagnosis, distribution); Pricop 2009a: 73 (records from Romania); Pricop 2009b: 125 (list, references on the records from Romania); Pricop 2010a: 81 (records from Romania); Pricop 2010c: 79 (illustration), 81 (record from Romania, diagnosis).

Gonatocerus gracilentus Hellén 1974: 11 .

Holotype female (invalidly designated as lectotype by Matthews 1986: 227) [ FMNH] (not examined). Type locality: Parikkala, Finland. Synonymized under G. chrysis by Matthews 1986: 227. Syn. n.

Gonatocerus pahlgamensis (Narayanan) : Subba Rao & Hayat 1983: 136 (catalog); Zeya & Hayat 1995: 114 –117 (synonymy, redescription, distribution, important comments) + 129, 154 (illustrations); Zeya & Khan 2011: 13 (distribution in India).

Gonatocerus aligarhensis Shamim & Shafee 1984: 624 , 625 (illustrations).

Holotype female (see Zeya & Hayat (1995) for details on the possible holotype) [ ZDAMU] (not examined). Type locality: Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. Synonymized under G. pahlgamensis by Zeya & Hayat 1995: 114. Syn. n.

Gonatocerus fukuokensis Sahad in Sahad & Hirashima 1984: 3 (list), 20–22.

Holotype female [ KUEC] (not examined but its photograph is available at: http://konchudb.agr.agr.kyushu-u.ac.jp/elkutype/exec/ refile.cgi?&lang=en&no=2397&tax= Gonatocerus %20 fukuokensis %20Sahad). Type locality: Hakozaki, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture (Kyūshū Island), Japan. Synonymized under G. pahlgamensis by Zeya & Hayat 1995: 114. Syn. n.

Gonatocerus chrisis [sic] (Debauche): Donev 1990: 68 (distribution); Donev 2003: 75 –76 (distribution).

Gonatocerus flavus Soyka : Huber et al. 2009: 271 (list).

Gonatocerus (Lymaenon) chrysis (Debauche) : Triapitsyn et al. 2010: 43–46 (references, records from the Nearctic and Neotropical regions as well from Belgium, France, and Far East of Russia, redescription based on the Neotropical specimens, diagnosis, illustrations, distribution), 57; Triapitsyn & Proshchalykin 2012: 208 (catalog).

Type material examined. Gonatocerus aureus Girault : neotype female [ USNM], here designated in accordance with Article 75.3 ([ICZN] 1999) to avoid any ambiguity regarding the identity of this species, to define this nominal taxon objectively and clarify its taxonomic status, and because the original type (i.e., the holotype) of this species is lost ( Huber 1988), on slide ( Fig. 65 ) labeled : 1. “Urbana, Illinois July 1, 1910. Sweeping. Camptoptera pulla Girault , 1 Ƥ”; 2. “ Gonatocerus 1 Ƥ aureus . [“ tenuipennis ”—crossed out in black ink] Ƥ [apparently “ brunneus ” or an earlier, illegible manuscript name—crossed out in black ink] anthonomi [added later in pencil]. I searched for the holotypes of G. aureus and G. brunneus tenuipennis Girault and the non-type specimens of G. aureus from Du Bois, Illinois (on which Girault (1911) also based his original description of G. aureus ) during a visit to the INHS in September 2010 and confirm that these have been lost from that collection. The neotype of G. aureus ( Fig. 66 ) is complete, poorly mounted more or less laterally except for the head under the same coverslip with a female of Camptoptera pulla Girault and 5 females of G. litoralis , the latter identified by A.A. Girault first apparently as G. brunneus Girault and then as G. anthonomi Girault. Girault first identified the neotype specimen as G. tenuipennis ( Girault 1911) but later crossed out his initial identification and marked it on the label as G. aureus ; apparently he struggled to separate his own species and that is no wonder because they turned out to be the same.

Lymaenon chrysis Debauche : holotype female [ ISNB] on slide labeled: 1. “Dr. H. Debauche det. Lymaenon chrysis Deb. Ƥ 1943 TYPE [on red rectangle glued onto the label]”; 2. “Lab. d’Entomologie de l’Université Louvain Héverlé 14.VIII.42 C/ IV– 47 245 3 [faint, in pencil]”. The holotype is complete, uncleared, mounted laterally.

Material examined. AUSTRIA. LOWER AUSTRIA: 1 km W of Hollern , 48°04’22’’N 16°52’37’’E, 150 m, 16–17.vi.2007, S.V. Triapitsyn, C. Thuróczy [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Hundsheim , 12.xi.1954, W. Soyka [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. BELGIUM. ANTWERP, Turnhout , 12.viii.1941, A. Raignier [2 Ƥ, ISNB]. FLEMISH BRABANT: Eyzer , 8.viii.1944, [H.R. Debauche] [2 Ƥ, ISNB]. Tervuren , 23.viii.1944, [H.R. Debauche] [5 Ƥ, ISNB]. LIÈGE, Wanze, Antheit , Corphalie, R. Detry : 16–30.vi.1989 [1 Ƥ, 1 3, ISNB]; 28.vii–11.viii.1990 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]. BULGARIA. KYUSTENDIL, Kyustendil, 1928, L. Biró [1 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM]. CHINA. BEIJING, Mentougou District: Liyan Ling ( Linshan Mts. ), 40°00.28’N 115°30.75’E, 1749 m, 2.viii.2002, G. Melika [4 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. Xiaolongmen Station , 39°59.22’N 115°31.48’E, 1095 m, 28.vii.2002, G. Melika [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. CZECH REPUBLIC. ÚSTÍ NAD LABEM, České Švýcarsko National Park , 50°50’00.494’’N 14°19’49.508’’E, 597 m, 16.v.2007, J. Macek [1 Ƥ, CUPC]. FRANCE. GARD, near Gardon River , 43°55’45’’N 4°23’25’’E, 10–13.vi.2005, J. George [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. GIRONDE: Sainte Colombe , 44°54’N 00°02’W, M. van Helden: 2.vii.1998 [3 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 30.vii.1998 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 13.viii.1998 [26 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 10.ix.1998 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 9.vii.1999 [6 Ƥ, UCRC]; 24.vii.2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 17.viii.2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 24.viii.2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Tourtirac , 44°53’57’’N 00°02’02’’W: 27.viii.1998, M. van Helden [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 26–27.vi.2000, S.V. Triapitsyn [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. HÉRAULT, Lauret , 43°50’04’’N 03°53’48’’E, 29.vi.2000, S.V. Triapitsyn (on grape) [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. GEORGIA. ADJARA, Keda, V.A. Trjapitzin: 30.viii.1953 (on alder at Adzharis-Tskali River bank) [1 3, ZIN]; 7.ix.1953 (on pine) [1 Ƥ, ZIN]. GERMANY. BAVARIA: Erlangen , “1950s”, H.- J. Stammer [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. Veitshöchheim , 22.vii.2003, S.V. Triapitsyn [7 Ƥ, UCRC]. GREECE. CENTRAL MACEDONIA, Lake Kerkini : Beles Mts., 41°17’19.5’’N 23°12’18.4’’E, 550 m, 9–15.v.2005, G. Ramel [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Ecotourism site, 41°08’15.6’’N 23°13’01.2’’E, 65 m, G. Ramel: 9–15.v.2006 [2 Ƥ, BMNH, UCRC]; 16–22.v.2006 [12 Ƥ, BMNH, UCRC]; 23–29.v.2006 [2 Ƥ, BMNH, UCRC]; 30.v–5.vi.2006 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 6–12.vi.2006 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 13–19.vi.2006 [4 Ƥ, BMNH, UCRC]; 20–26.vi.2006 [14 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. HUNGARY. VAS, W of Köszeg , 47°23’09’’N 16°31’19’’E, 355 m, 16–20.vi.2009, I. Mikó [6 Ƥ, UCRC]. ITALY. CAMPANIA, Benevento Prov., 1.8 km E of Faicchio , 41°16.329’N 14°29.884’E, 210 m, 7–8.vi.2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J.D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. LAZIO, Roma Prov.: Caldara di Manziana , 42°05.607’N 12°05.906’E, 305 m, 10.vi.2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J.D. Pinto [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Castelporziano Presidential Estate: Fosso di Trafusina , 41°46.670’N 12°24.751’E, 30 m, 11– 12.vi.2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J.D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; Ponte Guidoni , 41°45.415’N 12°23.851’E, 80 m, 11–12.vi.2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J.D. Pinto [6 Ƥ, UCRC]. 0.8 km W of Sasso , 42°02.967’N 12°02.209’E, 264 m, 9–10.vi.2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J.D. Pinto [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Viterbo Prov., Ponte San Pietro , 42°31.669’N 11°36.353’E, 75 m, 10.vi.2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J.D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. SICILY, Palermo, University of Palermo garden, 38°06’27.2’’N 13°21’02.4’’E, 41–43 m, 26–29.viii.2005, S.V. Triapitsyn [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. KYRGYZSTAN. CHUY: KaragajlyBulak, 9 km W of Ak-Tyuz , 42°52’47’’N 76°02’13’’E, 2180–3400 m, 26.vii.2000, C.H. Dietrich [9 Ƥ, INHS, UCRC]. Near Telek , 43°06’20’’N 74°05’40’’E, 590 m, 13.viii.1998, C.H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. 10 km N of Telek , 42°10’51’’N 74°03’55’’E, 570 m, 13.viii.1998, C.H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. DZHALAL-ABAD, AtOjnoksky Ridge, Kurpsaj Ravine , 41°30’55’’N 72°19’43’’E, 924 m, 23.vi.1999, C.H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. OSH, Karakuldzha, Lajsu Ravine , 40°31’20’’N 73°37’10’’E, 1815 m, C.H. Dietrich: 25.viii.1998 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 25.vi.1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. POLAND. LUBUSZ, Sława Lake (near Sława ; on the original label as “ Schlawa-See , Schlesien ”, now Jezioro Sławskie ), 22.vii.1934, H.- J. Stammer [1 Ƥ, 1 3, NHMW]. REPUBLIC OF KOREA. GANGWON-DO, Pyengchang, Jinbu , Cheokchun , 23.ix.1998, J.- Y. Choi [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. GYEONGGI-DO, Suwon-si, Seodun-dong: Seoul National University , J.- W. Kim: 15.ix.2001, [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 17.ix.2001, [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Yeogisan , 7x.1997, J.- Y. Choi [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. RUSSIA. KRASNODARSKIY KRAY, Krasnodar, AllRussian Research Institute of Biological Plant Protection , V.V. Kostjukov: 10–29.viii.2001 [27 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 23.vii.2002 [2 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 31.viii.2003 [8 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]. MOSKOVSKAYA OBLAST’, Noginskiy rayon, Fryazevo, M.E. Tretiakov : 24–25.vii.2000 [3 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 26.vii–14.viii.2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 23.viii.2000 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 25–31.viii.2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1.viii.2002 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. PRIMORSKIY KRAY: Terneyskiy rayon, Mel’nichnyi, 29.vi–1.vii.2001, M.V. Michailovskaya [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye , M.V. Michailovskaya: 28.vi–4.vii.1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 11–14.vii.1999 [3 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 19–20.vii.1999 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21–22.vii.1999 [5 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 27–28.vii.1999 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 24.vii–1.viii.1999 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1–4.viii.1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 5–11.viii.1999 [10 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 12– 17.viii.1999 [6 Ƥ, UCRC]; 17–18.viii.1999 [5 Ƥ, UCRC]; 22–28.viii.1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 28.viii–5.ix.1999 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 6–14.ix.1999 [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 10–15.ix.1999 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 25–26.ix.1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; ix.1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 8–11.x.1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 11–21.vi.2000 [8 Ƥ, UCRC]; 22–30.vi.2000 [7 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 1–10.vii.2000 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 12.vii.2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21–31.vii.2000 [9 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1–10.viii.2000 [14 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 12–26.viii.2000 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 9–12.x.2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 31.vii–10.viii.2001 [9 Ƥ, UCRC]; 17–31.viii.2001 [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1–10.x.2001 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; ix–xi.2001 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 10–19.vii.2002 [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1–11.ix.2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 24.ix–5.x.2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 11–15.viii.2003 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. SAKHALINSKAYA OBLAST’, Sakhalin Island, 6 km E of Sokol, near Belaya River , D.J. Bennett, T. Anderson: 24.vii.2001 [1 Ƥ, CAS]; 16.viii.2001 [1 Ƥ, CAS]. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY: Georgievskiy rayon, Nezlobnenskiy (stanitsa Nezlobnaya ), 26.viii.2002, V.V. Kostjukov [4 Ƥ, UCRC]. Levokumskiy rayon, Achikulak , V.V. Kostjukov: 17.vii.2002 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21.viii.2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 23.viii.2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 26.viii.2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Prietokskiy , V.V. Kostjukov: 29.viii.2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 2.ix.2002 [5 Ƥ, 3 3, UCRC, ZIN]; 7.ix.2002 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 13.vii.2003 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 14.vii.2003 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 27.vii.2003 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 7.viii.2003 [4 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 12.viii.2003 [9 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC, ZIN]; 14.viii.2003 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. SLOVAKIA. BRATISLAVA, Jurský Šúr Nature Reserve , 48°14’03’’N 17°12’47’’E, 133 m, 8.viii.2008, B.V. Brown (alder forest) [4 Ƥ, UCRC].

Extralimital records. ARGENTINA. BUENOS AIRES, Luján, Universidad Nacional de Luján , 34°35’0’’S 59°04’4’’W, 32 m, 1.xii.2006, C. Coviella [4 Ƥ, UCRC]. BERMUDA (BERMUDA ISLANDS). Bermuda Island, Southampton Parish : 4 Munro Lane , 32°15’51’’N 64°52’08’’W, 16–24.x.2001, J. Munro [5 Ƥ, UCRC]. Munro Beach Cottages , 32°15’34’’N 64°52’39’’W, 2–16.iv.2002, J. Munro [6 Ƥ, UCRC]. CHILE. REGIÓN IX: Lonquimay, Las Raíces tunnel, 38°33.5’S 71°30.0’W, 1033 m, 17.xii.2001, E. Arias (canopy fogging of Nothophagus dombeyi) [1 Ƥ, UCDC]. Parque Nacional Vista Hermosa , 38°45’08’’S 71°37’24’’W, 816 m, 22– 24.ii.2005, J.M. Heraty et al. [4 Ƥ, UCRC]. INDIA. GOA, Bambolim Beach (S of Panaji ), 15°26’46’’N 73°51’19’’E, 5 m, 15.xi.2003, J.M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. KARNATAKA: Bangalore, University of Agricultural Sciences campus ( Ghandi Krishi Vignyan Kendra ), Botanic Garden , 13°04’49’’N 77°34’37’’E, 935 m, 27.xi.2003, J.M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Near Dandeli Reserve : 15°20’36’’N 74°37’19’’E, 530 m, 17.xi.2003, J.M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 15°24’43’’N 74°48’43’’E, 604 m, 17.xi.2003, J.M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Kathagal , 14°30’41’’N 74°31’49’’E, 44 m, 18.xi.2003, J.M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Mudigere , 13°07’09’’N 75°37’41’’E, 994 m, 24– 25.xi.2003, J.M. Heraty [6 Ƥ, UCRC]. Nandi Hills , 13°22’09’’N 77°41’11’’E, 1462 m, 21.xi.2003, J.M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. [NATIONAL CAPITAL TERRITORY OF] DELHI, New Delhi, Indian Agricultural Research Institute , 28°37’51’’N 77°09’50’’E, 220 m, 5.xi.2003, J.M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. INDONESIA. Sumatra Island, NORTH SUMATRA, Bandar Jalan Indrapura , Bah Lias Estates , 03°10’34.3’’N 99°20’13.6’’E, 43 m, 16– 23.ii.2012, M. & C. Hoddle [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. NEW ZEALAND. North Island: Auckland , Whitford , 36°56’S 174°58’E, B. Hoddle: 22.ii–4.iii.2003 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 5–15.iii.2003 [8 Ƥ, UCRC]. Mochau, 36°31’S 175°27’E, 100 m, Sandy Bay Community , 6–18.ii.2006, B.V. Brown [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. Puketi State Forest , 31.iii–3.v.1999, R.A. Leschen, G. Hall [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Raglan , 37°49’39’’S 174°49’28’’E, 100 m, B.V. Brown: 5–8.ii.2006 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 8–21.ii.2006 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Taupo District, Kaimanawa Forest , Tree Trunk Gorge , 39.1738°S 175.8957°E, 12–14.ii.2006, B.V. Brown [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. South Island, Karamea Bluff , 9–20.ii.1999, R.A. Leschen [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. PAKISTAN. PUNJAB, Faisalabad, University of Agriculture Faisalabad : Horticulture Fruit Garden , 31°25.844’N 73°03.665’E, 184 m, citrus orchard: 15–26.iii.2011, M.S. Hoddle [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 4– 11.vi.2011, M.S. & C.D. Hoddle [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. PHILIPPINES. Luzon Island, CAMARINES SUR, Mt. Isarog , 9.3 km E of Naga City , 13°39.922’N 123°21.239’E, 918 m, 31.v–2.vi.2011, N. Chousou Polydouri, C. Griswold [1 Ƥ, CAS]. REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA. GAUTENG: Pretoria, Agricultural Reserch Council campus, 9.xii.2003, I. Mikó, G. Melika [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Roodeplaat Nature Reserve , 6–10.xii.2003, I. Mikó, G. Melika [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. POOL, Lesio-Louna Reserve: Abio , 3°06.02’S 15°31.44’E, 330 m, 29.vii.2008, M. Sharkey, Y. Braet [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Iboubikro , 3°16’11’’S 15°28’16’’E, 340 m, M. Sharkey: 23.vii.2008 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 25.viii.2008 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. ABU DHABI, Al Ajban , 24°36’N 55°01’E, 9.xi–7.xii.2005, A. van Harten [1 Ƥ, CNCI]. SHARJAH, Shariah , 25°21’N 55°24’E, 12– 28.vi.2005, A. van Harten [1 Ƥ, CNCI]. USA. CALIFORNIA: Alameda Co., Albany, University of California, Berkeley ( UCB) quarantine laboratory, 1954 (reared in a ”test case” on Neoaliturus ( Circulifer) tenellus ( Baker) eggs) [4 Ƥ, 2 3, EMEC]; originally from: MOROCCO. SOUSS-MASSA-DRAÂ, Agadir, Yachech [according to the unpublished quarantine records at UCB (Kent M. Daane, personal communication), the originators of the successfully established colony of Lymaenon sp. “C” were collected by C.B. Huffaker in Agadir (the host was N. tenellus on various plant material) and received 19.iv. 1954 in UCB quarantine under their Shipper/Receiver ( SR) No. 54-7, but the original stock of these specimens, according to the hand-written label by R.L. Doutt, was collected (reared by C.B. Huffaker from eggs of the same host) in Agadir’s section of Yachech and received in UCB quarantine 10.v.1954 under SR No. 54-11]. Amador Co., Sutter Creek , 38°23’39’’N 120°46’58’’W, 373 m, 20–26.vi.2012, E.F. Drake [5 Ƥ, UCRC]. Santa Clara Co., Alum Rock Park , 37°23’43’’N 121°49’23’’W, 2– 3.vii.2002, A. Owen (1 Ƥ, UCRC). Stanislaus Co., Frank Raines Regional Park, Ranger Station , 37°25.294’N 121°22.666’W, 350 m, 20.viii–18.ix.2011, R.L. Zuparko [1 Ƥ, EMEC]. GEORGIA, Gordon Co., Fairmount, Salacoa Creek , 34°24’12’’N 84°40’08’’W, 16.v.2002, D. Yanega [9 Ƥ, UCRC]. NEW YORK, Jefferson Co., E of Alexandria Bay , 44°24’07’’N 75°48’07’’W, 74 m, 31.vii.2010, S.V. Triapitsyn [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. NORTH CAROLINA, Scotland Co., Sandhills Game Lands , 36°12’03’’N 78°53’13’’W, 125 m, 5–19.iv.2010, R.I. Blinn [1 Ƥ, UCRC].

Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Austria *, Belgium, Bulgaria ( Donev 1987, 1988e, 1990, 2005), China *, Czech Republic *, Finland (as G. gracilentus ), France ( Triapitsyn et al. 2010), Georgia *, Germany *, Greece (including Crete) ( Donev 1988c, 2003, 2005), Hungary *, Italy *, Japan ( Sahad & Hirashima 1984) [as G. fukuokensis ], Kyrgyzstan *, Morocco *, Poland *, Republic of Korea *, Romania ( Boţoc 1960; Pricop 2009b, 2010a, c), Russia ( Triapitsyn et al. 2010), Serbia ( Donev 1985b), Slovakia *, Spain ( Baquero & Jordana 2003), Sweden ( Hedqvist 2003), Turkey ( Donev 2001), and UK: England ( Graham 1973; Matthews 1986), Scotland, and Wales ( Matthews 1986). AFROTROPICAL*: Republic of South Africa *, Republic of the Congo *, and United Arab Emirates *. AUSTRALASIAN*: New Zealand * (apparently accidentally introduced). NEARCTIC: Bermuda ( Bermuda Islands), Canada, and USA ( Triapitsyn et al. 2010). NEOTROPICAL: Argentina, Brazil, and Chile ( Triapitsyn et al. 2010). ORIENTAL*: India ( Zeya & Hayat 1995; Zeya & Khan 2011) [as G. pahlgamensis ], Indonesia *, Pakistan *, and Philippines *. Most previous records were as G. chrysis except where indicated otherwise.

Redescription. FEMALE (neotype of G. aureus , holotype of Lymaenon chrysis , and non-type specimens from Palaearctic region). Body length 630–1365 µm. Body generally golden, yellowish-brown, or light brown with brown markings; antenna, particularly flagellum, darker (brown to dark brown) except radicle yellowish or light brown; legs yellowish to light brown.

Antenna ( Figs 66–69 , 72 ) with radicle 3.2–4.1× as long as wide, about 0.3× total length of scape, rest of scape 3.5–5.3× as long as wide, faintly striate; pedicel notably longer than F1; typically F1 about as long as F2 (or slightly shorter) and both slightly shorter than F3, F4 a little longer than F3 and shorter than following funicle segments except sometimes F8, F5–F8 more or less subequal in length (F8 a little shorter and broader and with an incision at apex); F1–F4 without mps, F5 and F6 usually with 1 mps ( Figs 66 , 67 ) but sometimes either F6 ( Fig. 69 ) or both F5 and F6 ( Fig. 68 ) without mps on one or both antennae in small specimens (in that case often F5 and/or F6 slightly shorter than F7 or F8) or, in some southern Palaearctic specimens, either only F6 or both F5 and F6 ( Fig. 72 ) with 2 mps (with 2 mps on both F5 and F 6 in large specimens from Moskovskaya oblast’, Russia, and Slovakia), F7 and F8 with 2 mps; clava with 6 mps (4 shorter subapical mps and 2 longer mps in the middle), 3.0– 3.5× as long as wide, about as long as combined length of F6–F8 or a little shorter.

Mesosoma ( Figs 66 , 70 , 73 ). Propodeum with faint submedian lines, the distance between them shorter anteriorly than posteriorly. Fore wing ( Figs 66 , 71 , 74 ) 4.1–5.4× as long as wide; hypochaeta often not midway between the macrochaetae but closer to proximal macrochaeta; longest marginal seta 0.4–0.7× maximum wing width. Fore wing disc with a slight to conspicuous, uniform brownish tinge, almost bare behind submarginal vein except for at most a few setae behind its apex, setose behind marginal vein and elsewhere. Hind wing ( Fig. 74 ) narrow, 29–35× as long as wide; disc with a few scattered setae, slightly infumate; longest marginal seta 4.3–4.8× maximum wing width.

Metasoma ( Figs 66 , 70 , 73 ) normally a little longer than mesosoma. Petiole 1.5–1.8× as wide as long. Ovipositor 0.7–0.8× length of gaster, not or barely exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 0.9–1.3:1. External plate of ovipositor with 2 or 3 distal setae.

Measurements of the neotype of G. aureus (µm). Body: 713; mesosoma 294; gaster 300; ovipositor 248. Antenna: radicle 64; rest of scape 130; pedicel 55; F1 24; F2 27; F3 31; F4 36; F5 54; F6 52; F7 55; F8 52; clava 165. Fore wing?787:?175; longest marginal seta 91. Hind wing?615:?21; longest marginal seta?91.

MALE (non-type specimens from the Palaearctic region). Also see Baquero & Jordana (2003) for the description of the male based on specimens from Navarre, Spain, and Triapitsyn et al. (2010) for the illustrations of the male from France, which are also provided here to facilitate recognition of this species. Body length 660–760 µm. In the slide-mounted specimen from France, antenna ( Fig. 75 ) with scape 2.8× as long as wide; fore wing ( Fig. 76 ) 4.4× as long as wide; genitalia as in Fig. 77 .

Diagnosis. Gonatocerus aureus is mostly a light-colored species with brown markings on the body ( Figs 66 , 70 , 73 ), also characterized by the female antenna ( Figs 66–69 , 72 ) with 1 mps usually on F5 and F6 (sometimes without mps on one or both antennae in small specimens, or, occasionally, with 2 mps in some Palaearctic and Oriental specimens), 2 mps on F7 and F8, and 6 mps on the clava; a narrow (4.1–5.4× as long as wide) fore wing ( Figs 66 , 71 , 74 , 76 ) with relatively long marginal setae (longest marginal seta 0.4–0.7× maximum fore wing width); and a relatively short ovipositor (ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 0.9–1.3:1). In some extralimital specimens of G. aureus from India that were previously identified as G. pahlgamensis (Narayanan) , the fore wing can be relatively wider (fore wing length:width as low as 3.8:1) and the ovipositor relatively longer (up to 1.4× length of mesotibia) ( Zeya & Hayat 1995).

Host. Neoaliturus (Circulifer) tenellus ( Baker) (also in the laboratory) [new record] ( Cicadellidae ). The record of Lymaenon pahlgamensis from Quadraspidiotus perniciousus (Comstock) (Diaspididae) by Narayanan (1961) is probably incorrect ( Noyes 2012).

Comments. The newly designated neotype of G. aureus , first identified as belonging to G. brunneus tenuipennis by A.A. Girault (he later changed his mind, possibly when he was preparing his key published in 1929, and re-identified it as G. aureus ), agrees in every regard with the original description of G. aureus and comes from its original type locality. Along with the conspecific female in UCRC, listed by Triapitsyn et al. (2010) (collected in Centralia, Illinois, 7.ix.1993 by J.D. Pinto), this Girault’s specimen could very well serve also as a neotype of G. brunneus tenuipennis : it more or less agrees with its original description which Girault (1911) actually based on this specimen along with the lost holotype. That, however, is not necessary because I regard G. brunneus tenuipennis to be an obvious junior synonym of G. aureus . Both nominal taxa are clearly conspecific with the species known as G. chrysis from Europe and elsewhere ( Debauche 1948; Matthews 1986; Baquero & Jordana 2003; Triapitsyn et al. 2010), which occurs in North America including Illinois ( Triapitsyn et al. 2010). Girault (1911, 1929) seemingly struggled to separate G. aureus from G. tenuipennis based on the proportions of the funicle segments (mainly the relative length of F4) of the female antenna; that likely could be the result of poor mounting, when the antenna is mounted at an angle, particularly when the head is mounted laterally. Also, the relative lengths of F3 and F4 of the female antenna may vary among the Holarctic specimens of the species known to me as G. chrysis , and generally large specimens of G. aureus tend to have relatively longer flagellar segments of the female antenna than small ones. Therefore, as first reviser (in almost exactly 100 years!), I have no doubt in synonymizing G. tenuipennis , G. chrysis , and G. gracilentus under G. aureus , which was described on the same page with G. brunneus tenuipennis but after it. However, G. aureus takes precedence according to Article 24.1 ([ICZN] 1999) as the originally described higher ranking taxon.

Zeya & Hayat (1995) redescribed and illustrated G. pahlgamensis and considered it to be extremely close to G. chrysis except for a relarively wider fore wing and shorter marginal setae on it in some specimens. I consider these fore wing characters to be subject to intraspecific variability and thus insufficient to separate G. pahlgamensis from G. aureus confidently after finding both intermediate forms and specimens very similar to G. pahlgamensis from India and also to its synonym G. fukuokensis from Japan in southern (particularly a female from Krasnodar, Krasnodarskiy kray, Russia, in which F5 and F6 bear 2 mps each and the fore wing is 4.2× as long as wide, and a very large female from Fryazevo, Moskovskaya oblast’, Russia, and a female from Slovakia, in which F5 and F6 also bear 2 mps each and the fore wing is 4.4× and 4.1× as long as wide, respectively) and eastern (several females from Primorskiy kray, Russia) Palaearctic region, hence the synonymy of G. pahlgamensis and its synonyms under G. aureus .

Gonatocerus flavus Soyka was described from a single female, collected xi.1931 on Echinochloa colona (as Panicum colonum ) by H. Priesner ( Soyka 1950); as mentioned here before the holotype is lost. From the poor description initially it had been difficult to figure out even to which subgenus this species may belong. Soyka, however, considered it to be similar to G. litoralis and G. priesneri (synonymized here under G. litoralis ), so G. flavus should belong to the subgenus G. ( Lymaenon ). Based on the unique and distinctive morphological features mentioned in the original description, I consider G. flavus to be conspecific with G. aureus as some small specimens of the latter are known to lack mps on F5 and/or F6 of the female antenna and in that case F 6 may be slightly shorter than F5, F7, or F8: Soyka (1950) indicated that in G. flavus mps are present only on F7 and F8 and the clava, and the proportions of its antennal segments fit those of such G. aureus very well. In two females of G. aureus from the United Arab Emirates F6 lack mps (except on one antenna in one specimen) and are a little shorter than F5 or F7 ( Fig. 69 ); these fit well the original description of G. flavus and are from an arid environment very similar to that of its type locality. The narrow fore wing (nearly 5× as long as wide) with long marginal setae (more than 0.5× the greatest fore wing width according to the original description), the light yellowish brown body color, and the short ovipositor in G. flavus also indicate to its conspecificity with G. aureus : it simply cannot be any other Palaearctic species of G. ( Lymaenon ). Since G. flavus Soyka, 1950 is a junior homonym of G. flavus Foerster, 1841 , a synonym of G. pictus , a replacement name G. vopros Triapitsyn , nom. n. is given here for Soyka’s species. Etymology: vopros (a noun in apposition) stands for a question in Russian.

In one aberrant female specimen from Mudigere, Karnataka, India, the antennal clava bears 8 mps whereas in the other three females captured in the course of the same collecting event, that number is 6 as it is normal for the species. In another aberrant female from Palermo, Italy, the clava bears 7 mps.

According to Huffaker et al. (1954), J.K. Holloway made 20 shipments of Circulifer tenellus ( Baker) “parasite material” to the University of California, Berkeley, quarantine laboratory from Spain and French Morocco (now Morocco) in 1953. During 1953 releases were made in California only of Lymaenon spp. “A” and “B”, which had been both originally collected in Spain. Huffaker also searched for natural enemies of C. tenellus in French Morocco and other countries in North Africa in 1954 ( Huffaker et al. 1954). Unfortunately, voucher specimens from Huffaker’s collecting were poorly labeled, and releases and possible establishment of the Mymaridae , which included Lymaenon spp. “A” and “B” (identified by R.L. Doutt and B.D. Burks) and a Polynema sp. “A” from French Morocco, were not properly documented.

Figures

FIGURES 65, 66. Gonatocerus (Lymaenon) aureus Ƥ (neotype): 65, slide; 66, habitus.

FIGURES 67 – 71. Gonatocerus (Lymaenon) aureus Ƥ (67, 71 — Wanze, Belgium; 68 — Krasnodar, Russia; 69, 70 — Al Ajban, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates): 67 – 69, antennae; 70, body; 71, fore wing.

FIGURES 72 – 74. Gonatocerus (Lymaenon) aureus Ƥ (Fryazevo, Moskovskaya oblast’, Russia): 72, antenna; 73, mesosoma and metasoma; 74, wings.

FIGURES 75 – 77. Gonatocerus (Lymaenon) aureus 3 (Sainte Colombe, Gironde, France): 75, antenna; 76, fore wing; 77, genitalia.