Pycnoderma ferruginea ( Gallardo, 1968 ) Gallardo, 1968

Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I., 2011, Revision of Piromis Kinberg, 1867 and Pycnoderma Grube, 1877 (Polychaeta: Flabelligeridae), Zootaxa 2819, pp. 1-50 : 36-38

Pycnoderma ferruginea ( Gallardo, 1968) n. comb.

Figure 16

Brada ferruginea Gallardo, 1968:107 –108, Pl. 49, Figs. 5–6 .

Piromis congoensis Gallardo, 1968:109 –110, Pl. 51, Figs. 1–7 (non Grube, 1877).

Type material. Western Tropical Pacific. Holotype of Brada ferruginea Gallardo, 1968 (LACM-AHF -312), off West side of Hon Lon Island, Bay of Nha Trang, Viet Nam, Naga Expediton, R/V Mao Tien, Sta. 117 (12°11ʹ21ʺ N, 109°16ʹ15ʺ E), 12 m, 10 Feb. 1960, V.A. Gallardo, coll.

Additional material. Western Tropical Pacific. One mature female (LACM-AHF-2515), broken in two pieces, 4 km N Hon Ho island, Viet Nam, Naga Expediton, R/V Mao Tien, Sta. 153I (12°19ʹ20ʺ N, 109°21ʹ40ʺ E), 43 m, mud, 24 Feb. 1960 (cephalic cage chaetae length equivalent to the anterior end up to chaetiger 18). Anterior fragment (LACM-AHF-2516), 2 km NW Hon Ho Island, Bay of Nha Trang, Viet Nam, Naga Expedition, R/V Mao Tien, Sta. 15411 (12°18ʹ0 6ʺ N, 109°21ʹ27ʺ E), 43 m, mud, 24 Feb. 1960, V.A. Gallardo, coll. (cephalic cage chaetae length equivalent to the anterior end up to chaetiger 14).

Description. Holotype (LACM-AHF-312) broken into three parts, anterior fragment reddish, especially anteriorly, with most chaetae directed forward, median and posterior fragments pale ( Fig. 16 A), all cylindrical; tunic thin, densely papillated, fine red sediment particles anteriorly; papillae mostly small, thin, cirriform, abundant all over the body, and few longer, capitate, isolated, along body in 2–3 regular rows, and others close to parapodia. Holotype 46(15+4+27) mm long, 2.5 mm wide, cephalic cage 5.5 mm long, 65(28+7+30) chaetigers.

Cephalic hood partially exposed in holotype, short, margin papillated. Anterior end observed in another specimen (LACM-AHF-11153); cephalic hood very short, margin papillated. Prostomium depressed, eyes not visible; caruncle short, not reaching posterior margin of branchial plate ( Fig. 16 E), lateral ridges short, prominent, extending towards lateral bases of branchiae. Palps lost; palp keels rounded. Lateral lips wide, well-developed; dorsal and ventral lips reduced. Branchiae mostly lost, cirriform, pale (LACM-AHF-11154), sessile on branchial plate, widely separated medially into two groups, over a tongue-like protuberance, branchial groups posteriorly coalescent, with about 100 filaments per side. Size relationships between palps and branchiae unknown.

Cephalic cage chaetae more than twice as long as body width ( Fig. 16 B). Only chaetiger 1 involved in cephalic cage, notochaetae of chaetiger 2 less than twice as long as following ones. Cephalic cage notochaetae arranged in a short dorsal row, neurochaetae as a long lateral row ( Fig. 16 D); 8–10 notochaetae and 12–15 neurochaetae per bundle, longest about 1/4 as long as notochaetae. Anterior dorsal margin of chaetiger 1 short, papillated ( Fig. 16 C). Anterior chaetigers without long papillae. Chaetigers 1–3 decreasing in size anterior to posterior, second parapodia displaced dorsally. Post-cephalic cage chaetigers not elongated; a white rounded dorsal spot present on posterior margin of chaetiger 1. Chaetal transition from cephalic cage to body chaetae gradual; compound neurohooks from chaetiger 16. Gonopodial lobes in chaetiger 5, low, pale, rounded.

Parapodia poorly developed, lateral. Median neuropodia lateral. Notopodia low, thin lobes, with 3–4 long capitate papillae. Neuropodia slightly longer lobes, with some superior and inferior long capitate papillae.

Median notochaetae in short transverse row, 6–8 per bundle, 3/5 as long as body width, posterior notochaetae twice as long as body width; notochaetae all multiarticulated capillaries with very long articles ( Fig. 16 F), continuing to tip. Neurochaetae similar to notochaetae in anterior chaetigers, arranged in transverse row. Neurohooks from chaetiger 16, 6–8 per bundle, each with feebly marked, anchylosed short articles basally, followed by 2–5 long articles, with long, lanceolate, aristate blade ( Fig. 16 F).

Posterior end unknown.

Remarks. Pycnoderma ferruginea ( Gallardo, 1968) n. comb. was placed in the genus Brada because of the presence of ventral lobes in chaetiger 5. However, the cephalic cage, the body shape, and the type of neurochaetae are very different from those of Brada , and this species is therefore here referred to Pycnoderma , and hence the new combination: P. ferruginea ( Gallardo, 1968) .

The description of B. talehsapensis by Fauvel (1932) and its redescription ( Fauvel 1953) were not overlooked by Gallardo (1968), but he confused the species when comparing his specimens to Fauvel’s species, which is a close relative. The two species differ in the relative size of the cephalic cage and in the pigmentation pattern of the branchial filaments. In B. ferruginea , chaetal length of the holotype is about the same over the first 13 chaetigers; this relative size of cephalic cage chaetae is confirmed in two other specimens being 1 mm wide, which have these chaetae being as long as reaching chaetigers 12 or 17. In contrast, in B. talehsapensis the cephalic cage chaetae are shorter, with their length being about the same as the length of the anterior end up to chaetiger 7. Further, the branchial filaments are homogeneously pale in P. ferruginea whereas they are banded in P. talehsapensis .

These two species were included in Brada by Fauvel, because they have on the fifth chaetiger “… the nephridial papillae characteristic of the genus Brada ʺ ( Fauvel 1932:185). Four paragraphs above, however, he indicated that its “… general appearance is rather unusual for the genus, the body being generally short with few segments, whilst in this species it is long, vermiform and has numerous segments.ʺ

On the other hand, P. ferruginea resembles P. escobarae n. sp. (see above). Both species have opaque tunics with papillae and notochaetae with very long articles. They differ because P. ferruginea has twice as many notochaetae, the body is more papillose, and the papillae are longer. They also differ in the relative number of articles per neurospine because in P. ferruginea there are only two articles whereas in P. escobarae , neurospines have mostly three articles with a smaller median one. In addition, these two species occur in different oceans and water depths.

Distribution. Restricted to the Gulf of Nha Trang, Vietnam, in shallow water (12–30 m).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Piromis arenosus Kinberg, 1867. A. Syntypes in lateral view. B. Thicker syntype, anterior end, dorsal view. C. Same, posterior end, lateral view. D. Non-type specimen (LAMNH- 5210), anterior end dissected, slightly collapsed, palps and most branchiae removed (BS: branchial scars, Ca: caruncle, DL: dorsal lip, LL: lateral lip, Pr: prostomium, PS: palp scar). E. Thicker syntype, notochaetae portions, basal, medial and distal with an insert of the tip. F. Non-type specimen (LAMNH-AHF- 2506), neurochaetae from a median chaetiger with an insert of one tip. G. Same, neurochaetae from a posterior chaetiger with an insert of a tip. Scale bars: A: 6 mm, B: 1.5 mm, C – D: 1 mm, E: 25 µm, F: 90 µm, G: 40 µm.

FIGURE 2. Piromis amoureuxi n. sp. A. Holotype (MNHN- 900), twisted. B. Same, anterior end in dorsal view. C. Same, median segments in lateral view, showing sediment particles dorsally and laterally. D. Paratype (MNHN- 900 a), anterior end, palps and most branchiae detached (BD: branchial scars, LL: lateral lip, PS: palp scar). E. Holotype, anterior notopodium. F. Same, close-up of notochaetal regions, left, median and distal. G. Same, neurochaetae from a median chaetiger. H. Same, neurochaetae from a posterior chaetiger. Scale bars: A: 1 mm, B – C: 0.5 mm, D: 0.3 mm, E: 100 µm, F: 10 µm, G: 50 µm, H: 25 µm.

FIGURE 3. Piromis brisegnoi n. sp. A. Holotype (LAMNH-AHF- 2509), lateral view. B. Same, anterior end, lateral view showing abundant chaetae and long papillae. C. Non-type specimen, anterior end, frontal view, palps and branchiae removed (BS: branchial scars, LL: lateral lip, PS: palp scar, VV: ventral lip). D. Holotype, notochaetae from an anterior chaetiger. E. Same, neurochaetae from a median chaetiger, insert showing the tips. F. Same, neurochaetae from a posterior chaetiger, insert showing the tip. Scale bars: A: 5 mm, B: 1.5 mm, C: 0.5 mm, D: 150 µm, E: 60 µm, F: 50 µm.

FIGURE 4. Piromis capulata (Moore, 1909) n. comb. A. Holotype (CAS- 19721), complete in lateral view. B. Same, anterior end, lateral view. C. Same, anterior end, dorsal view, notice the eroded areas. D. Non-type specimen (USNM- 40484), anterior end, dorsal view. E. Same, anterior end, palps and most branchiae detached (BS: branchial scars, LL: lateral lip). F. Same, right neuropodium showing the gonopodial lobe with an asterisk in the base. G. Holotype, notochaetal regions, basal, median, distal. H. Same, median neuropodia with an insert showing the tips. Scale bars: A: 5 mm, B: 2.3 mm, C: 1.5 mm, D – E: 2 mm, F: 325 µm, G: 100 µm, H: 50 µm.

FIGURE 5. Piromis eruca (Claparède, 1868). A. Neotype (MNHN-A 507), complete in lateral view. B. Same, anterior end, lateral view. C. Same, anterior end, dorsal view. D. Paraneotype, head, palps and branchiae detached (BS: branchial scars, DL: dorsal lip, LL: lateral lip). E. Non-type specimen (MNHN-A 185), exposed anterior end, palps and branchiae detached (BS: branchial scars, Ca: caruncle, Pr: prostomium, PS: palp scar). F. Paraneotype, notochaetal regions, basal, median, distal and an enlargement of the tip. G. Same, neurochaetae from a median chaetiger, insert showing one tip. H. Same, neurochaetae from a posterior chaetiger, insert showing one tip. Scale bars: A: 3 mm, B: 1 mm, C: 1 mm, D – E: 0.5 mm, F: 50 µm, G: 200 µm, H: 25 µm.

FIGURE 6. Piromis fauchaldi n. sp. A. Holotype (LACM- 2511), complete. B. Same, anterior end, dorsal view. C. Paratype (LACM-AHF 1733), anterior end, ventral view showing some epizoic hydroids. D. Holotype, head, palps and branchiae removed (BS: branchial scars, Ca: caruncle, Pr: prostomium, PS: palp scar). E. Paratype (LACM-AHF- 2512), notochaetae from an anterior chaetiger showing basal, median and distal regions. F. Same, neurochaetae from a median chaetiger, insert showing chaetal tips. G. Same, neurochaetae from a posterior chaetiger, insert showing chaetal tips. Scale bars: A: 2 mm, B – C: 1 mm, D: 250 µm, E: 50 µm, F: 75 µm, G: 100 µm.

FIGURE 7. Piromis kisemboanus (Augener, 1918) n. comb., non-type specimens. A. Complete (MNHN- 507), lateral view. B. Same, anterior end, lateral view. C. Same, anterior end, dorsal view. D. Same, medium parapodium. E. Another specimen (USNM-unnumb.), notochaetae from an anterior notopodium showing articulation in basal, medial and distal regions. F. Another specimen (MNHN- 507), anterior neurochaetae, insert showing chaetal tips. G. Another specimen (USNM-unnumb.), posterior neurochaetae, insert showing chaetal tips. Scale bars: A: 2 mm, B – C: 0.5 mm, D: 0.25 mm, E: 66 µm, F: 50 µm, G: 100 µm.

FIGURE 16. Pycnoderma ferruginea (Gallardo, 1968) n. comb. A. Holotype (LACM-AHF- 312), dorsal view. B. Same, anterior end, dorsal view. C. Same, close-up to show dorsally displaced chaetiger 1. D. Same, anterior end, lateral view. E. Nontype specimen (LACM-AHF- 2516), anterior end exposed, eroded, branchiae and palps lost (Ca: caruncle, BS: branchial scars, DL: dorsal lip, LL: lateral lip, PS: palp scar, VL: ventral lip). F. Holotype, parapodium from chaetiger 22 (insert: neurochaetal tips). Scale bars: A: 2.25 mm, B: 1.1 mm, C: 1 mm, D: 0.5 mm, E: 0.2 mm, F: 250 µm.