Xyphinus Simon 1893

Kranz-Baltensperger, Yvonne, 2014, The goblin spider genus Xyphinus (Araneae; Oonopidae), Zootaxa 3870 (1), pp. 1-79 : 4-6

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3870.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0844EBCA-5432-4912-80B6-150732635B78
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5120429
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C73B87AE-0D51-FFFE-2FAE-DCA0FA1BFE5A
treatment provided by	Felipe (2021-06-14 18:24:09, last updated 2024-11-24 23:37:20)
scientific name	Xyphinus Simon 1893
status

Treatment

Xyphinus Simon 1893 View in CoL View at ENA

Xyphinus Simon, 1893: 76 View in CoL (type species by monotypy Xyphinus hystrix Simon View in CoL ).

Pseudotriaeris Brignoli, 1974: 77 (type Gamasomorpha karschi Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 ). Syn. nov.

Diagnosis. Members of this genus resemble those of Gamasomorpha , Brignolia and other genera of the subfamily Oonopinae in having heavily sclerotized dorsal and ventral abdominal scuta (e.g. figs 1C, 3C), spineless legs and relatively large eyes (e.g. Figs 1D View FIGURE 1 , 3D View FIGURE 3 ). They can easily be distinguished from all other genera by the long and ribbed pedicel tube (e.g. figs 1C, 3C) and by the male palps with several long or plate-like, strongly sclerotized apophyses (e.g. figs 14A–E, 46A–G). The female epigastric region usually shows a tongue-like structure, not present in similar genera (e.g. fig. 7F–H).

Description. Total length of males 1.4–2.3 mm, of females 1.7–2.4 mm; cephalothorax, legs, and abdominal scuta orange to orange-brown. CEPHALOTHORAX: Carapace without any pattern, without radiating rows of pits; lateral margin straight, rebordered, with blunt denticles or spikes (e.g. figs 1A,C; 5A,C; 26A,C), with needle-like setae, with pits (e.g. fig. 24A, arrow) or without pits (e.g. figs 33A; 37A) on posterolateral edge. Eyes six, well developed. Sternum coloration uniform, sickle-shaped structures present (e.g. figs 1B; 5B, arrow). Chelicerae without tooth-like projections, shape normal, without prominent basal process, tip unmodified; setae evenly scattered. In males anteromedian part of endites with backwards folded ridge (e.g. figs 9B; 17B, arrow), posteromedian part sclerotized. Female palp without claw or spines but spine-like setae present on femora (e.g. fig. 7E), patella and tibia sometimes with more or less pronounced microsculpture (e.g. fig. 41H, arrow). ABDOMEN: Ovoid, without long posterior extensions, without color pattern. Book-lung covers large (e.g. figs 1C,E; 7F; 11F; 29F). Pedicel tube long, ribbed (e.g. figs 1C, 3C; 39B). Scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel. Dorsal scutum covering whole length of abdomen, strongly sclerotized. Epigastric and postepigastric scutum strongly sclerotized, sometimes with posteriorly directed apodemes (e.g. figs 37B; 49B). Spinneret scutum present, incomplete ring, with fringe of needle-like setae; supra-anal scutum absent; dense patch of setae anterior to spinnerets absent. LEGS: without color pattern. GENITALIA: Male epigastric region with sperm pore large (e.g. figs 1B; 22B). Male palp of normal size, distal parts strongly sclerotized, right and left palps symmetrical, tibia with three trichobothria, bulb pale, stout. Prolateral surface of patella and tibia sometimes with more or less pronounced microsculpture (e.g. figs 6A,B,D; 14A,C; 19D,G,H,I, arrow). Dark apophyses in various shapes and sizes present, elongated or plate-like (e.g. figs 14A–E; 30A–H; 62A–E), embolus not discernible. The female epigastric area is more or less protruding, the ventral plate is divided into an anterior and a posterior scutum, the latter consisting of a massive oval sclerite, with strongly sclerotized elements, sometimes extremely elongated posteriorly (e.g. figs 7G,H; 11G; 35E).

Distribution. Asia and Australia

Key to species

Females unknown for X. montanus View in CoL , X. sabal View in CoL sp. nov. and X. infaustus View in CoL sp. nov.

1. Pits on carapace present ( Fig. 24A View FIGURE 24 , arrow).................................................................. 2

- Pits on carapace absent ( Fig. 26A View FIGURE 26 )........................................................................ 4

2. Carapace with very long spikes ( Figs. 1A View FIGURE 1 ; 3A View FIGURE 3 )....................................................... X. hystrix View in CoL

- Carapace sides with blunt denticles ( Figs 22A View FIGURE 22 ; 24A View FIGURE 24 )..................................................... X. xelo View in CoL

- Carapace sides without denticles ( Figs 39A View FIGURE 39 ; 41A View FIGURE 41 )...................................................... X. krabi View in CoL

- Carapace with sharply pointed denticles ( Figs 45D View FIGURE 45 ; 49D View FIGURE 49 )...................................................... 3

3. Male palpal apophysis racket-like; female epigastric area with bubble-like structure ( Figs 46A–G View FIGURE 46 ; 48A–H View FIGURE 48 ).. X. rogerfedereri View in CoL

- Male palpal apophysis scissor-like; female epigastric area with folded scape ( Figs 50A–F View FIGURE 50 ; 52B–F View FIGURE 52 )............. X. pachara View in CoL

- Male palpal apophysis twisted; female epigastric area appearing as ring in lateral view ( Figs 62A–E View FIGURE 62 ; 63C View FIGURE 63 )....... X. distortus View in CoL

4. Carapace surface elevated portion and sides smooth ( Figs 5A View FIGURE 5 ; 9A View FIGURE 9 )............................................... 5

- Carapace surface elevated portion and sides reticulate ( Fig. 55D View FIGURE 55 ).............................................. 12

5. Male bulb with very long, sclerotized apophysis and microsculpture on the prolateral side of patella and tibia; female epigastric area triangle-shaped with median stripe ( Figs 14A–E View FIGURE 14 ; 16A–D View FIGURE 16 )....................................... X. lemniscatus View in CoL

- Male bulb and female epigastric area different............................................................... 6

6. Anterior part of abdomen provided with sharply pointed denticles ( Figs 5A,E View FIGURE 5 ; 7A,F View FIGURE 7 ).................... X. abanghamidi View in CoL

- Anterior part of abdomen unmodified ( Figs 11A,C View FIGURE 11 )........................................................... 7

7. Tip of abdomen bulging, overlapping carapace, almost reaching highest point of carapace ( Fig. 9C View FIGURE 9 ).................... 8

- Tip of abdomen not bulging ( Fig. 20C View FIGURE 20 ).................................................................... 11

8. Male palp without microsculpture ( Fig. 10A View FIGURE 10 )................................................................ 9

- Male palp with microsculpture ( Fig. 27A View FIGURE 27 )................................................................. 10

9. Male palpal bulb heavily sclerotized, with broad, dark apophysis and pointed outgrowth dorsally ( Figs 9G–I View FIGURE 9 ; 10A–C View FIGURE 10 ); female epigastric area circle-shaped with broad median stripe ( Figs 11B View FIGURE 11 ; 12A–B View FIGURE 12 ).................................. X. gibber View in CoL

- Male palpal bulb slightly sclerotized, with bifid apophysis ( Fig. 17I View FIGURE 17 ); female unknown...................... X. montanus View in CoL

- Male palpal bulb slightly sclerotized, with short apophyses; endites bulging distally ( Fig. 43B View FIGURE 43 ); female unknown...................................................................................................... X. infaustus View in CoL

10. Male palp with microsculpture and thin, elongated apophysis ventrally ( Fig. 30A–D View FIGURE 30 ); female epigastric area with small triangle-shaped protrusion ( Fig. 32A–D View FIGURE 32 )............................................................ X. deelemanae View in CoL

11. Male palp with microsculpture and broad, elongated apophysis ( Fig. 34A–F View FIGURE 34 ); female epigastric area with elongated pointed scape ( Fig. 35B,E View FIGURE 35 ; 36A–D View FIGURE 36 )....................................................................... X. acutus View in CoL

12. Male palpal patella and tibia with microsculpture, bulb with broad, beak-shaped apophysis ( Fig. 19A–H View FIGURE 19 ); female epigastric area with narrow triangle-shaped protrusion ( Fig. 21A,B View FIGURE 21 ).............................................. X. xanthus View in CoL

13. Small species; male palpal patella and tibia with fine microsculpture, bulb with short apophyses ( Fig. 27A–F View FIGURE 27 ); female epigastric area with small, roundish structure ( Fig. 28D–G View FIGURE 28 ).................................................. X. holgeri View in CoL

14. Male palp with three strong setae on the prolateral surface of the cymbium ( Fig. 38A–C View FIGURE 38 ); female unknown........ X. sabal View in CoL

15. Male palp without strong setae ( Fig. 54B–F View FIGURE 54 )............................................................... 13

16. Male palpal cymbium laterally protruding ( Figs 53B; 53E View FIGURE 53 ; 54D–E View FIGURE 54 ); female epigastric area with sclerotized arch and fine median stripe ( Fig. 56B View FIGURE 56 )......................................................................... X. karschi

17. Male palpal patella with microsculpture ( Fig. 58C View FIGURE 58 ); female epigastric area with sclerotized arch and thick transverse ridge ( Fig. 59H View FIGURE 59 )................................................................................... X. baehrae View in CoL

References

Bosenberg, W. & Strand, E. (1906) Japanische Spinnen. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 30, 93 - 422.

Brignoli, P. M. (1974 h) On some Oonopidae from Japan and Formosa (Araneae). Acta Arachnologica, 25, 73 - 85. [Tokyo] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2476 / asjaa. 25.73

Simon, E. (1893) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Vol. 1. Roret, Paris, 1084 pp. [pp. 257 - 488] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51973

Figures

FIGURE 1. Xyphinus hystrix male. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view, arrow indicates sickle-shaped structures; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, anterior view; E, abdomen, anterior view; F, carapace, ventral view, SEM; G, left palp, prolateral view; H, same, retrolateral view. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D = 0.25 mm, E, F = 0.5 mm; G, H = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 3. Xyphinus hystrix female. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, anterior view; E, abdomen, ventral view, SEM; F, Epigastric area, ventral view, SEM; G, leg I, tarsal organ, dorsal view, SEM. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D = 0.5 mm; E, F = 0.1 mm; G = 0.005 mm.

FIGURE 5. Xyphinus abanghamidi male. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view, arrow indicates sickle-shaped structures; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, anterior view; E, abdomen, anterior view; F, chelicerae, dorsal view, SEM; G, left palp, prolateral view; H, same, ventral view; I, same retrolateral view. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D, E = 0.5 mm; F = 0.01 mm; G, H, I = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 7. Xyphinus abanghamidi female. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view, arrow indicates grip in epigastric region; D, carapace, anterior view; E, left palp, prolateral view; F, abdomen, lateral view, arrow indicates grip in epigastric region; G, same, ventral view; H, habitus ventral view, SEM. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D, F, G, H = 0.5 mm; E = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 9. Xyphinus gibber male. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view, arrow indicates backwards folded ridge on endites; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, anterior view; E, carapace, posterior view; F, abdomen, ventral view; G, left palp, prolateral view; H, same, ventral view; I, same retrolateral view. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D, E, F = 0.5 mm; G, H, I = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 10. Xyphinus gibber male. A, left palp prolateral view; B, same, ventral view; C, same, retrolateral view. Scale bars A, B, C = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 11. Xyphinus gibber female. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, anterior view; E, left palp, prolateral view; F, abdomen, lateral view; G, same, ventral view. Scale bars A, B, C, F, G = 1 mm; D = 0.5 mm; E = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 12. Xyphinus gibber female. A, C, epigastric area, ventral view; B, D, same, dorsal view. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 14. Xyphinus lemniscatus male. A, C, left palp, prolateral view, arrows indicate microsculpture; B, E, left palp, retrolateral view; D, left palp, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 16. Xyphinus lemniscatus female. A, C, epigastric area, ventral view; B, D, same, dorsal view. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 17. Xyphinus montanus male. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view, arrow indicates backwards folded rigde on endites; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, anterior view; E, G, right palp, retrolateral view; F, I, same, prolateral view, arrow indicates bifid apophysis; H, same, ventral view. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D = 0.5 mm; E–I = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 19. Xyphinus xanthus male. A–G, left palp; A, D, prolateral view, arrow indicates microsculpture; B, E, ventral view; C, F, retrolateral view; G, prolateral view, SEM, arrow indicates microsculpture; H, left palpal patella, prolateral view, SEM, arrow indicates microsculpture; I, left palpal patella, detail, prolateral view, SEM, arrow indicates microsculpture; J, left palp, distal apophysis, prolateral view, SEM. Scale bars A–H = 0.1 mm; I, J = 0.002 mm.

FIGURE 20. Xyphinus xanthus female. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, anterior view; E, abdomen, ventral view; F, same, lateral view; G, leg I, tarsal organ, dorsal view, SEM; H, leg III, tarsal organ, dorsal view, SEM. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D, E, F = 0.5 mm; G, H= 0.005 mm.

FIGURE 21. Xyphinus xanthus female. A, C, epigastric area, ventral view; B, D, same, dorsal view; E, abdomen, ventral view, SEM; F, epigastric area, ventral view, SEM. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 22. Xyphinus xelo male. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, anterior view; E, leg I, tibia, prolateral view, arrow indicates harpoon-like setae; F, left palp, prolateral view; G, same, retrolateral view. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D, E = 0.5 mm; F, G = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 24. Xyphinus xelo female. A, habitus, dorsal view, arrow indicates pits; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, anterior view; E, left palp, prolateral view; F, leg I, tibia, prolateral view, arrow indicates harpoon-like setae; G, abdomen, ventral view. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D, G = 0.5 mm; E, F= 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 26. Xyphinus holgeri sp. nov., male. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, anterior view; E, left palp, prolateral view; F, same, retrolateral view; G, same, ventral view. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D = 0.5 mm; E, F, G = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 27. Xyphinus holgeri sp. nov., male. A, left palp, prolateral view; B, same, retrolateral view; C, same, ventral view. D, right palp, prolateral view, SEM; E, right bulb, ventral view; F, eye region, dorsal view; G, mouthparts, ventral view. Scale bars A–G = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 28. Xyphinus holgeri sp. nov., female. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, abdomen, ventral view; E, G, epigastric area, ventral view; F, H, epigastric area, dorsal view. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D = 0.5 mm; E–H= 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 30. Xyphinus deelemanae sp. nov., male. A, C, left palp, prolateral view; B, D, same, retrolateral view; E, same, ventral view; F, left palp, prolateral view (long apophysis not expanded); G, patella and tibia of left palp, prolateral view; H, left palp, prolateral view, SEM. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 32. Xyphinus deelemanae sp. nov., female. A, C, epigastric area, ventral view; B, D, same, dorsal view. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 34. Xyphinus acutus sp. nov., male. A, C, left palp, prolateral view; B, D, left palp, retrolateral view; E, left palp, ventral view; F, left palp, prolateral view, SEM; G, patella of left palp, prolateral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 35. Xyphinus acutus sp. nov., female. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, anterior view; E, abdomen, ventral view; F, left palp, prolateral view. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D, E = 0.5 mm; F = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 36. Xyphinus acutus sp. nov., female. A, C, epigastric area, ventral view; B, D, same, dorsal view. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 38. Xyphinus sabal sp. nov., male. A, C, left palp, prolateral view, arrows indicate strong setae; B, D, left palp, retrolateral view; E, left palp, ventral view, arrow indicates strong setae. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 39. Xyphinus krabi sp. nov., male. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, ventral view; E, carapace, anterior view; F, abdomen, anterior view; G, left chelicera, promargin. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D, E, F = 0.5 mm; G = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 41. Xyphinus krabi sp. nov., female. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, ventral view; E, carapace, anterior view; F, abdomen, ventral view; G, epigastric area, ventral view; H, left palp, prolateral view, arrow indicates microsculpture. Scale bars: A, B,C = 1 mm; D, E, F = 0.5 mm; G, H = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 43. Xyphinus infaustus sp. nov., male. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, anterior view; E, abdomen, anterior view. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D, E = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 45. Xyphinus rogerfedereri sp. nov., male. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, dorsal view; E, carapace, anterior view; F, carapace, ventral view; G, carapace, posterior view; H, abdomen, anterior view. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D, E, F, G, H = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 46. Xyphinus rogerfedereri sp. nov., male. A, C, left palp, prolateral view; B, D, left palp, retrolateral view; E, left palp, ventral view. F, left bulb, ventral view, SEM; G, left palp, prolateral view, SEM; H, habitus, ventral view, SEM. Scale bars A–E, G = 0.1 mm; F = 0.005 mm; H = 1 mm.

FIGURE 48. Xyphinus rogerfedereri sp. nov., female. A, abdomen, lateral view; B, abdomen, ventral view, arrow indicates bubble-like structure; C, D, F, H, epigastric area, ventral view; E, G, epigastric area, dorsal view. Scale bars A, B = 0.5 mm; C, D, E, F, G, H = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 49. Xyphinus pachara sp. nov., male. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, dorsal view; E, carapace, anterior view; F, carapace, ventral view; G, carapace, posterior view; H, abdomen, anterior view. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D, E, F, G, H = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 50. Xyphinus pachara sp. nov., male. A, D, left palp, prolateral view; B, E, left palp, retrolateral view; C, F, left palp, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 52. Xyphinus pachara sp. nov., female. A, abdomen, ventral view; B, C, E, epigastric area, ventral view; D, F, epigastric area, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 53. Xyphinus karschi male. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, dorsal view; E, carapace, ventral view; F, carapace, lateral view; G, carapace, anterior view; H, carapace, posterior view. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D, E, F, G, H = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 54. Xyphinus karschi male. A, abdomen, ventral view; B, D, left palp, prolateral view; C, E, left palp, retrolateral view; F, left palp, ventral view. Scale bars A = 0.5 mm; B, C, D, E, F = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 55. Xyphinus karschi female. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, dorsal view; E, carapace, ventral view; F, carapace, lateral view; G, carapace, anterior view; H, abdomen, ventral view. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D, E, F, G, H = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 56. Xyphinus karschi female. A, abdomen, lateral view; B, C, epigastric area, ventral view; D, epigastric area, dorsal view. Scale bars A = 0.5 mm; B, C, D = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 58. Xyphinus baehrae sp. nov., male. A, C, left palp, prolateral view; B, D, left palp, retrolateral view; E, left palp, ventral view; F, mouthparts and palps, ventral view, SEM. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 59. Xyphinus baehrae sp. nov., female. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, dorsal view; E, carapace, ventral view; F, carapace, lateral view; G, carapace, anterior view; H, abdomen, ventral view. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D, E, F, G, H = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 62. Xyphinus distortus sp. nov., male. A, C, left palp, prolateral view; B, D, left palp, retrolateral view; E, left palp, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 63. Xyphinus distortus sp. nov., female. A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, ventral view; C, habitus, lateral view; D, carapace, dorsal view; E, carapace, ventral view; F, carapace, lateral view; G, carapace, anterior view; H, abdomen, ventral view. Scale bars A, B, C = 1 mm; D, E, F, G, H = 0.5 mm.