Leptothorax, Mayr, 1855

Qian, Yu-Han & Xu, Zheng-Hui, 2024, Taxonomy of the ant genera Leptothorax Mayr, 1855 and Temnothorax Mayr, 1861 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of China with descriptions of twenty-eight new species and a key to the known Chinese species, European Journal of Taxonomy 936, pp. 1-97 : 70-85

Preliminary key to the known Chinese species of Leptothorax and Temnothorax based on worker caste

1. Median clypeal dorsum weakly longitudinally depressed, without median carina. Antennae 11-segmented (Genus Leptothorax ) ( Figs 45A , 46A , 47A ) ............................................................ 2

– Median clypeal dorsum weakly longitudinally convex, with or without median carina. Antennae usually 12-segmented, rarely 11-segmented then median clypeal dorsum weakly longitudinally convex and with median carina (Genus Temnothorax ) ( Figs 1A , 3A , 4A ) ..................................... 5

2. In lateral view anterior and posterior faces of petiolar node meet at an acute angle, the node is sharply triangular [Palearctic Region: China: Jilin; Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Russian Federation (type locality)] ( Fig. 44 ) .................. L. oceanicus (Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1928)

– In lateral view anterior and dorsal faces of petiolar node meet at a rounded blunt angle, the node has a distinct, often rounded dorsal plate ( Figs 45B , 46B , 47B ) ............................................................ 3

3. Tibiae and antennal scape with numerous standing hairs [Nearctic Region: United States. Palearctic & Oriental Regions: China: Qinghai, Sichuan and Yunnan; Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Denmark (type locality), Estonia, Finland, France (type locality), Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Iran, India, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland] ( Fig. 45 ) ................................. ...................................................................................................... L. acervorum (Fabricius, 1793)

– Tibiae and antennal scape without standing hairs, with decumbent pilosity only ............................ 4

4. Head dorsum mainly reticulate. In lateral view body dorsum with very sparse suberect hairs. Propodeal spines relatively shorter, shorter than half of declivity. Postpetiolar node not inclining anteriorly. In dorsal view promesonotum finely reticulate. Head and gaster blackish brown [Palearctic Region: China: Xinjiang; Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland (type locality), France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine] ( Fig. 46 ) ... L. muscorum ( Nylander, 1846)

– Head dorsum mainly longitudinally rugose. In lateral view body dorsum with abundant suberect hairs. Propodeal spines relatively longer, longer than half of declivity. Postpetiolar node inclining anteriorly. In dorsal view promesonotum coarsely reticulate. Head and gaster black [Palearctic Region: China: Qinghai] ( Fig. 47 ) ............................................................ L. tibeticum Seifert, 2023

5. Antennae 11-segmented [Palearctic Region: China: Hubei; Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Japan, Republic of Korea (type locality)] ( Fig. 48 ) ................. T. koreanus (Teranishi, 1940)

– Antennae 12-segmented .................................................................................................................... 6

6. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum rounded in lateral view ( Figs 49B , 50B ) ................................. 7

– Posterodorsal corner of propodeum rightly angled ( Figs 19B , 20B ), toothed ( Figs 27B , 38B ) or spined ( Figs 23B , 24B ) in lateral view ............................................................................................. 8

7. Posterior head margin moderately convex. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum narrowly rounded in lateral view. Petiolar node roughly triangular and without obvious dorsal margin [Oriental Region: China: Hunan, Yunnan] ( Fig. 49 ) ........................................... T. hengshanensis ( Huang et al., 2004)

– Posterior head margin slightly convex. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum broadly rounded in lateral view. Petiolar node roughly trapezoidal and with obvious dorsal margin [Oriental Region: China: Taiwan (type locality)] ( Fig. 50 ) ..................................................... T. leimu Terayama, 2009

8. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum rightly to bluntly angled in lateral view, if very shortly toothed then the teeth obviously shorter than their basal width .................................................................... 9

– Posterodorsal corner of propodeum toothed or spined in lateral view, the teeth or spines obviously longer than their basal width ........................................................................................................... 18

9. Anterior margin of petiolar node almost straight in lateral view .................................................... 10

– Anterior margin of petiolar node obviously concave in lateral view ............................................. 13

10. Head dorsum smooth on the central longitudinal strip ....................................................................11

– Head dorsum reticulate or reticulate with loose longitudinal rugae on the central longitudinal strip ................................................................................................................................................. 12

11. Head dorsum loosely rugose laterally. Dorsum of mesonotum and propodeum straight in lateral view. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum bluntly angled. Top of petiolar node acute [Palearctic and Oriental Regions: China: Tibet; India (type locality), Pakistan] ( Fig. 20 ) ....................................... .................................................................................................................... T. desioi ( Menozzi, 1939)

– Head dorsum densely reticulate laterally. Dorsum of mesonotum and propodeum weakly convex in lateral view. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum rightly angled. Top of petiolar node narrowly rounded [Oriental Region: China: Sichuan and Yunnan] ( Fig. 19 ) ......................... T. guyu sp. nov.

12. Head dorsum coarsely reticulate on the central area. Sides of mesosoma coarsely reticulate. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum rightly angled in lateral view. Body color reddish brown, head blackish brown [Palearctic and Oriental Region: China: Tibet, Yunnan] ( Fig. 12 ) ........................ .................................................................................................................................. T. dashu sp. nov.

– Head dorsum densely reticulate with loose longitudinal rugae on the central area. Sides of mesosoma finely reticulate. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum bluntly angled in lateral view. Body color light yellow [Oriental Region: China: Sichuan, Yunnan] ( Fig. 43 ) .............................. T. yushui sp. nov.

13. Metanotal groove present and weakly concave in lateral view ...................................................... 14

– Metanotal groove absent in lateral view ......................................................................................... 15

14. Head dorsum almost smooth on the central longitudinal strip. Mesopleura reticulate. Petiolar node relatively shorter in lateral view, about 1.5 times as long anterior peduncle. Body color blackish brown [Oriental Region: China: Guangxi (type locality)] ( Fig. 9 ) ................................................... .......................................................................................................... T. maoerensis Zhou et al., 2010

– Head dorsum densely reticulate on the central longitudinal strip. Mesopleura densely punctate. Petiolar node relatively longer in lateral view, about twice as long as anterior peduncle. Body color brownish yellow [Oriental Region: China: Sichuan, Yunnan] ( Fig. 8 ) ................ T. chushu sp. nov.

15. Head dorsum wholly smooth [Oriental Region: China: Yunnan] ( Fig. 6 ) ........................................ .............................................................................................................................. T. chunfen sp. nov.

– Head dorsum coarsely or finely longitudinally rugose on the central area ..................................... 16

16. Head dorsum coarsely longitudinally rugose on the central area. Dorsum of pronotum longitudinally rugose. Dorsum of mesonotum and propodeum weakly convex in lateral view [Palearctic and Oriental Regions: China: Beijing, Guangxi, Yunnan; Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Japan (type locality), Republic of Korea, Russian Federation] ( Fig. 7 ) ............................................. ................................................................................................................... T. congruus (Smith, 1874)

– Head dorsum finely longitudinally rugose on the central area. Dorsum of pronotum finely reticulate. Dorsum of mesonotum and propodeum straight in lateral view ..................................................... 17

17. Head dorsum without punctate sculpture between the longitudinal rugae on the central area. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum more acutely angled in lateral view. Petiolar node relatively shorter with narrowly rounded dorsum. Body color black [Oriental Region: China: Yunnan] ( Fig. 22 ) ................................................................................................................. T. jingzhe sp. nov.

– Head dorsum densely punctate between the longitudinal rugae on the central area. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum rightly angled in lateral view. Petiolar node relatively longer with broadly rounded dorsum. Body color reddish brown, head and gaster black [Oriental Region: China: Yunnan] ( Fig. 29 ) ............................................................................................ T. mangzhong sp. nov.

18. Humeral corners of pronotum protruding, rightly to bluntly angled in dorsal view ...................... 19

– Humeral corners of pronotum rounded in dorsal view ................................................................... 21

19. Humeral corners of pronotum bluntly angled in dorsal view. Dorsum of petiolar node sloping down posteriorly. Body color blackish brown, head and gaster black [Palearctic and Oriental Regions: China: Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan] ( Fig. 3 ) .................................................................... T. bailu sp. nov.

– Humeral corners of pronotum rightly angled in dorsal view. Dorsum of petiolar node almost horizontal. Body color yellowish brown, head and gaster blackish brown .................................... 20

20. In full-face view antennal scapes surpassing posterior head margin. Pronotum strongly convex in lateral view. Propodeal spines about 2 times as long as their basal width in lateral view, tips slightly curved posterodorsally [Palearctic and Oriental Regions: China: Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Tibet, Yunnan] ( Fig. 4 ) ........................................................................ T. angulohumerus Zhou et al., 2010

– In full-face view antennal scapes falled to reach posterior head margin. Pronotum weakly convex in lateral view. Propodeal spines about 1.2 times as long as their basal width in lateral view, tips strongly curved posteriorly [Oriental Region: China: Guangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan] ( Fig. 51 ) ..................... ................................................................................................................. T. orchidus Zhou et al., 2010

21. Metanotal groove present and obviously impressed in lateral view ............................................... 22

– Metanotal groove absent in lateral view ......................................................................................... 28

22. Propodeal spines shorter than declivity in lateral view .................................................................. 23

– Propodeal spines about as long as declivity in lateral view ............................................................ 24

23. Head dorsum and mesosoma finely reticulate.Petiolar node roughly trapezoidal with broadly rounded dorsum in lateral view. Body color reddish brown, head blackish brown [Oriental Region: China: Sichuan, Yunnan] ( Fig. 27 ) ......................................................................................... T. liqiu sp. nov.

– Head dorsum and mesosoma coarsely reticulate. Petiolar node roughly conical with narrowly rounded dorsum in lateral view. Body color orange, gaster blackish brown [Oriental Region: China: Yunnan] ( Fig. 38 ) .................................................................................................. T. xiaoshu sp. nov.

24. In lateral view petiolar node triangular with rightly angled summit. Body color yellow [Oriental Region: China: Hong Kong (type locality)] ( Fig. 52 ) ............................... T. haveni Lee et al., 2023

– In lateral view petiolar node roughly trapezoidal with broadly rounded dorsum or roughly conical with narrowly rounded dorsum ....................................................................................................... 25

25. In lateral view petiolar node roughly trapezoidal with broadly rounded dorsum [Oriental Region: China: Yunnan] ( Fig. 23 ) ........................................................................................ T. lichun sp. nov.

– In lateral view petiolar node roughly conical with narrowly rounded dorsum ............................... 26

26. Anterior margin of petiolar node weakly concave in lateral view. Head dorsum coarsely reticulate [Oriental Region: China: Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Taiwan, Yunnan] ( Fig. 24 ) ............................................................................................. T. taivanensis ( Wheeler, 1929)

– Anterior margin of petiolar node deeply concave in lateral view. Head dorsum finely reticulate or densely punctate with loose longitudinal rugae .............................................................................. 27

27. Anterior peduncle about as long as petiolar node in lateral view. Head dorsum densely punctate with loose longitudinal rugae. Body color brownish yellow, head blackish brown, gaster black [Oriental Region: China: Taiwan (type locality)] ( Fig. 53 ) ..................................... T. leigong Terayama, 2009

– Anterior peduncle shorter than petiolar node in lateral view. Head dorsum finely reticulate. Body color blackish brown, gaster black [Oriental Region: China: Taiwan (type locality)] ( Fig. 54 ) ...... .................................................................................................................. T. kuixing Terayama, 2009

28. Propodeal spines as long as or longer than declivity in lateral view .............................................. 29

– Propodeal spines shorter than declivity in lateral view .................................................................. 42

29. In lateral view petiolar node asymmetrical, posterior margin more convex than anterior margin ....30

– In lateral view petiolar node symmetrical, posterior margin as convex as anterior margin ........... 35

30. Dorsum of mesonotum and propodeum straight in lateral view. Anterior peduncle as long as petiolar node [Oriental Region: China: Taiwan (type locality)] ( Fig. 55 ) .............. T. confucii ( Forel, 1912)

– Dorsum of mesonotum and propodeum weakly convex in lateral view. Anterior peduncle shorter than petiolar node ........................................................................................................................... 31

31. Head dorsum densely reticulate. In lateral view anterior margin of petiolar node straight [Oriental Region: China: Guangxi, Henan, Zhejiang] ( Fig. 56 ) .................. T. zhejiangensis Zhou et al., 2010

– Head dorsum loosely reticulate. In lateral view anterior margin of petiolar node weakly concave ... ......................................................................................................................................................... 32

32. Head dorsum mainly reticulate on the central area. In lateral view petiolar node relatively lower with anterior margin obviously shorter than posterior margin ............................................................... 33

– Head dorsum mainly longitudinally rugose on the central area. In lateral view petiolar node relatively higher with anterior margin about as long as posterior margin ...................................................... 34

33. Dorsal outline of mesosoma weakly convex in lateral view. Mesosomal dorsum coarsely reticulate [Palearctic Region: China: Jiangsu; Democratic People’s Republic of Korea] ( Fig. 57 ) ................. ............................................................................................................... T. xanthos Radchenko, 2004

– Dorsal outline of mesosoma moderately convex in lateral view. Mesosomal dorsum finely reticulate [Oriental Region: China: Guizhou, Hunan, Zhejiang] ( Fig. 58 ) ...... T. ruginosus Zhou et al., 2010

34. Head dorsum coarsely longitudinally rugose on the central area. Mesosomal dorsum densely reticulate. Body color yellowish brown, head blackish brown [Palearctic Region: China: Qinghai; Russian Federation (type locality)] ( Fig. 59 ) .......................................... T. volgensis ( Ruzsky, 1905)

– Head dorsum finely longitudinally rugose on the central area. Mesosomal dorsum loosely reticulate. Body color brownish yellow, head and gaster blackish brown [Palearctic and Oriental Regions: China: Beijing, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Yunnan] ( Fig. 60 ) .......... ...................................................................................................... T. reticulatus ( Chang & He, 2001)

35. Dorsum of mesonotum and propodeum weakly to moderately convex in lateral view ................. 36

– Dorsum of mesonotum and propodeum straight in lateral view ..................................................... 38

36. Head dorsum reticulate on the central longitudinal strip [Oriental Region: China: Yunnan] ( Fig. 21 ) ................................................................................................................... T. hanlu sp. nov.

– Head dorsum smooth on the central longitudinal strip.................................................................... 37

37. Dorsum of mesonotum and propodeum moderately convex in lateral view. Propodeal spines stout and straight at base, weakly up-curving at apex [Palearctic and Oriental Regions: China: Jiangxi (type locality); Democratic People’s Republic of Korea] ( Fig. 14 ) ... T. eburneipes ( Wheeler, 1927)

– Dorsum of mesonotum and propodeum weakly convex in lateral view. Propodeal spines slender and evenly curving posteriorly [Oriental Region: China: Yunnan] ( Fig. 13 ) ............... T. daxue sp. nov.

38. Head dorsum smooth on the central longitudinal strip [Oriental Region: China: Sichuan, Yunnan] ( Fig. 25 ) ................................................................................................................... T. lidong sp. nov.

– Head dorsum longitudinally rugose or reticulate on the central longitudinal strip ........................ 39

39. Anterior margin of petiolar node almost straight in lateral view .................................................... 40

– Anterior margin of petiolar node obviously concave in lateral view ............................................. 41

40. Head dorsum mainly longitudinally rugose. Body color brownish black [Oriental Region: China: Taiwan (type locality)] ( Fig. 26 ) .............................................................. T. yanwan Terayama, 2009

– Head dorsum coarsely reticulate. Body color yellow [Oriental Region: China: Hong Kong (type locality)] ( Fig. 61 ) .................................................................... T. barrettoi Hamer & Guénard, 2023

41. Head dorsum loosely reticulate, interface relatively smooth. Propodeal spines straight in lateral view [Palearctic and Oriental Regions: China: Fujian, Gansu, Hubei, Sichuan] ( Fig. 62 ) ......... .................................................................................................... T. reduncus ( Wang & Wu, 1988)

– Head dorsum mainly longitudinally rugose, interface densely punctate. Propodeal spines weakly down-curved at base in lateral view [Oriental Region: China: Taiwan (type locality)] ( Fig. 63 ) ........................................................................................ T. tianpeng Terayama, 2009

42. Dorsum of mesonotum and propodeum straight in lateral view ..................................................... 43

– Dorsum of mesonotum and propodeum weakly to moderately convex in lateral view ................. 55

43. Anterior margin of petiolar node almost straight in lateral view .................................................... 44

– Anterior margin of petiolar node obviously concave in lateral view ............................................. 48

44. Head dorsum smooth on the central longitudinal strip ................................................................... 45

– Head dorsum longitudinally rugose on the central longitudinal strip ............................................. 46

45. Head dorsum wholly smooth. Petiolar node roughly conical with narrowly rounded summit in lateral view [Palearctic Region: China: Tibet] ( Fig. 30 ) ............................................. T. qingming sp. nov.

– Head dorsum smooth on the central longitudinal strip. Petiolar node roughly triangular with acute summit in lateral view [Palearctic and Oriental Regions: China: Beijing, Hebei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan] ( Fig. 31 ) ........................................................................................... T. wui ( Wheeler, 1929)

46. In lateral view petiolar node roughly trapezoidal, with obvious posterodorsal corner. Body color reddish brown [Oriental Region: China: Yunnan] ( Fig. 39 ) ............................... T. xiaoxue sp. nov.

– In lateral view petiolar node roughly triangular, without obvious posterodorsal corner. Body color yellowish brown .............................................................................................................................. 47

47. In full-face view head dorsum mainly longitudinally rugose, the rugae almost reaching to posterior head margin. Sides of pronotum coarsely reticulate [Palearctic and Oriental Regions: China: Henan, Hubei, Ningxia, Sichuan, Yunnan] ( Fig. 40 ) .............................. T. striatus Zhou et al., 2010

– In full-face view head dorsum longitudinally rugose in the anterior half and reticulate in the posterior half. Sides of pronotum longitudinally rugose [Palearctic Region: China: Shaanxi] ( Fig. 64 ) ........ ....................................................................................................... T. shannxiensis Zhou et al., 2010

48. In lateral view petiolar node roughly trapezoidal, with obvious posterodorsal corner ................... 49

– In lateral view petiolar node roughly triangular, without obvious posterodorsal corner ................ 51

49. In lateral view petiolar node asymmetrical, anterodorsal corner higher than posterodorsal corner [Oriental Region China: Sichuan] ( Fig. 28 ) .............................................................. T. lixia sp. nov.

– In lateral view petiolar node symmetrical, anterodorsal corner as high as posterodorsal corner ... 50

50. Head dorsum loosely longitudinally rugose on the central area. Mesonotal dorsum smooth. Body color almost black [Oriental Region: China: Yunnan] ( Fig. 5 ) ................................ T. chun sp. nov.

– Head dorsum densely longitudinally rugose on the central area. Mesonotal dorsum coarsely reticulate. Body color reddish brown, gaster black [Palearctic and Oriental Regions: China: Tibet, Yunnan] ( Fig. 35 ) .......................................................................................................... T. xia sp. nov.

51. Anterior peduncle about as long as petiolar node in lateral view ................................................... 52

– Anterior peduncle obviously shorter than petiolar node in lateral view ......................................... 53

52. Head dorsum coarsely reticulate on the central area. Propodeal spines slender and much longer than their basal width in lateral view. Body color reddish brown, head and gaster black [Palearctic and Oriental Regions: China: Beijing, Fujian, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan] ( Fig. 42 ) .................................................. T. argentipes ( Wheeler, 1928)

– Head dorsum densely longitudinally rugose on the central area. Propodeal spines roughly triangular and slightly longer than their basal width in lateral view. Body color brownish black, gaster black [Oriental Region: China: Yunnan] ( Fig. 41 ) .......................................................... T. xiazhi sp. nov.

53. Propodeal spines thin and smaller, not forming a curve with declivity in lateral view. Anterodorsal corner of petiolar node bluntly angled. Pronotal dorsum coarsely reticulate [Palearctic Region: China: Shaanxi] ( Fig. 37 ) .................................................................................... T. xiaoman sp. nov.

– Propodeal spines thick and larger, forming a curve with declivity in lateral view. Anterodorsal corner of petiolar node narrowly rounded. Pronotal dorsum finely reticulate ........................................... 54

54. Sides of mesosoma coarsely reticulate. Body color reddish brown, head and gaster brownish black [Palearctic Region: China: Tibet] ( Fig. 36 ) ........................................................ T. xiaohan sp. nov.

– Sides of mesosoma finely reticulate. Body color brownish black, head and gaster black [Palearctic and Oriental Regions: China: Sichuan, Qinghai] ( Fig. 33 ) .................................. T. qiufen sp. nov.

55. Head dorsum smooth on the central longitudinal strip [Palearctic Region: China: Tibet; Kyrgyzstan (type locality)] ( Fig. 65 ) ........................................................................ T. susamyri ( Dlussky, 1965)

– Head dorsum longitudinally rugose or reticulate on the central longitudinal strip ........................ 56

56. Anterior margin of petiolar node obviously concave in lateral view ............................................. 57

– Anterior margin of petiolar node almost straight in lateral view .................................................... 60

57. Anterodorsal corner of petiolar node rightly angled in lateral view ............................................... 58

– Anterodorsal corner of petiolar node narrowly rounded in lateral view ......................................... 59

58. Head dorsum longitudinally rugose on the central area. Body color brownish black [Oriental Region: China: Taiwan (type locality)] ( Fig. 16 ) ..................................... T. huatuo Terayama, 2009

– Head dorsum densely reticulate on the central area. Body color black [Oriental Region: China: Yunnan] ( Fig. 15 ) ....................................................................................................... T. dong sp. nov.

59. Head dorsum parallelly longitudinally rugose on the central area. Mesosoma densely reticulate [Oriental Region: China: Sichuan, Yunnan] ( Fig. 32 ) ................................................ T. qiu sp. nov.

– Head dorsum irregualarly longitudinally rugose on the central area. Mesosoma coarsely reticulate [Oriental Region: China: Yunnan] ( Fig. 34 ) ............................................... T. shuangjiang sp. nov.

60. Petiole without anterior peduncle in lateral view ........................................................................... 61

– Petiole with anterior peduncle in lateral view ................................................................................ 62

61. Head dorsum longitudinally rugose on the central area. Propodeal spines thin in lateral view. Body color yellow, head and gaster blackish brown [Palearctic Region: China: Hebei, Inner Mongolia; Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Mongolia (type locality), Russian Federation] ( Fig. 1 ) ........................................................................................ T. mongolicus ( Pisarski, 1969)

– Head dorsum finely reticulate on the central area. Propodeal spines thick in lateral view. Body color reddish brown, head and gaster brownish black [Palearctic Region: China: Ningxia, Qinghai] ( Fig. 66 ) ...................................................................................... T. brevispinus ( Chang & He, 2001)

62. In lateral view petiolar node roughly trapezoidal, with obvious dorsal margin ............................. 63

– In lateral view petiolar node roughly triangular or conical, without obvious dorsal margin ......... 64

63. Head dorsum densely reticulate on the central area. Propodeal spines relatively longer and posterodorsally pointed in lateral view. Body color brownish yellow, head and gaster black [Oriental Region: China: Guangxi (type locality)] ( Fig. 18 ) .............................. T. leyeensis Zhou et al., 2010

– Head dorsum loosely longitudinally rugose on the central area. Propodeal spines relatively shorter and suberect in lateral view. Body color blackish brown, head and gaster black [Oriental Region: China: Sichuan] ( Fig. 17 ) ..................................................................................... T. dongzhi sp. nov.

64. Petiolar node roughly triangular in lateral view, anterodorsal corner rightly angled. Head dorsum reticulate on the central area. Body color brownish yellow, gaster blackish brown [Palearctic Region: China: Hebei, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Shaanxi; Democratic People’s Republic of Korea] ( Fig. 67 ) ............................................................................................... T. pisarskii Radchenko, 2004

– Petiolar node roughly conical in lateral view, dorsal corner narrowly rounded. Head dorsum longitudinally rugose on the central area. Body color blackish brown or black ............................ 65

65. Head dorsum coarsely longitudinally rugose. Mesosomal dorsum moderately convex in lateral view. Propodeal spines relatively longer, about twice as long as their basal width. Body color blackish brown [Palearctic and Oriental Regions: China: Anhui, Beijing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; Japan (type locality), Republic of Korea] ( Fig. 11 ) ............................................. T. spinosior ( Forel, 1901)

– Head dorsum finely longitudinally rugose. Mesosomal dorsum weakly convex in lateral view. Propodeal spines relatively shorter, slightly longer than their basal width. Body color black [Oriental Region: China: Yunnan] ( Fig. 10 ) ........................................................................... T. dahan sp. nov.

Figures

Fig. 45. Leptothorax acervorum (Fabricius, 1793), syntype worker (ZMUC). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited fromwww.antweb.org, CASENT 0912889, photos by Zach Lieberman.

Fig. 46. Leptothorax muscorum (Nylander, 1846), worker (ZMHF). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited from www.antweb.org, CASENT 0104847, photos by April Nobile.

Fig. 47. Leptothorax tibeticum Seifert, 2023, holotype worker (SMNG). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited from Seifert (2023), photos by Bernhard Seifert.

Fig. 1. Temnothorax mongolicus (Pisarski, 1969), paratype worker (MIZW). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited fromwww.antweb.org, CASENT 0916693, photos by Flavia Esteves.

Fig. 3. Temnothorax bailu sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A10-3265). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 4. Temnothorax angulohumerus Zhou et al., 2010, holotype worker (GXNU0407358). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Photos by Zhi-Lin Chen.

Fig. 44. Leptothorax oceanicus (Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1928), worker (ZMUM). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. Illustrations cited from Radchenko & Heinze (1997).

Fig. 48. Temnothorax koreanus (Teranishi, 1940), worker. A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited from www.antweb.org, CASENT 0906181, photos by Estella Ortega.

Fig. 49. Temnothorax hengshanensis (Huang et al., 2004), holotype worker (GXNU0303217). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Photos by Zhi-Lin Chen.

Fig. 50. Temnothorax leimu Terayama, 2009, holotype worker (NIAS). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited from www.antwiki.org, photos by Hiraku Yoshitake & Takashi Kurihara.

Fig. 19. Temnothorax guyu sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A91-945). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 20. Temnothorax desioi (Menozzi, 1939), syntype worker (MSNM). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited fromwww.antweb.org, CASENT 0904558, photos by Will Ericson.

Fig. 27. Temnothorax liqiu sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU C18-795). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 38. Temnothorax xiaoshu sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A99-24). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 23. Temnothorax lichun sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A10-1994). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 24. Temnothorax taivanensis (Wheeler, 1929), worker (MCZC). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. Illustrations cited from Radchenko (2004).

Fig. 12. Temnothorax dashu sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A13-479). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 43. Temnothorax yushui sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU C18-1446). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 9. Temnothorax maoerensis Zhou et al., 2010, holotype worker (GXNU). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Photos by Zhi-Lin Chen.

Fig. 8. Temnothorax chushu sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A99-29). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 6. Temnothorax chunfen sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A04-713). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 7. Temnothorax congruus (Smith, 1874), holotype worker (BMNH 1014987). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited from www.antweb.org, CASENT 0901786, photos by Ryan Perry.

Fig. 22. Temnothorax jingzhe sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A12-1144). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 29. Temnothorax mangzhong sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A99-100). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 51. Temnothorax orchidus Zhou et al., 2010, holotype worker (GXNU0804431). A. Head in fullface view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Photos by Zhi-Lin Chen.

Fig. 52. Temnothorax haveni Lee et al., 2023, holotype worker (ZRC). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited from Hamer et al. (2023), photos by Matthew T. Hamer et al.

Fig. 53. Temnothorax leigong Terayama, 2009, holotype worker (NIAS). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited from www.antwiki.org, photos by Hiraku Yoshitake & Takashi Kurihara.

Fig. 54. Temnothorax kuixing Terayama, 2009, holotype worker (NIAS). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited from www.antwiki.org, photos by Hiraku Yoshitake & Takashi Kurihara.

Fig. 55. Temnothorax confucii (Forel, 1912), syntype worker (MHNG). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited fromwww.antweb.org, CASENT 0909164, photos by Will Ericson.

Fig. 56. Temnothorax zhejiangensis Zhou et al., 2010, holotype worker (GXNU075326). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Photos by Zhi-Lin Chen.

Fig. 57. Temnothorax xanthos Radchenko, 2004, holotype worker (MIZW). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited fromwww.antweb.org, CASENT 0917212, photos by Kate Martynova.

Fig. 58. Temnothorax ruginosus Zhou et al., 2010, holotype worker (GXNU0407357). A. Head in fullface view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Photos by Zhi-Lin Chen.

Fig. 59. Temnothorax volgensis (Ruzsky, 1905), neotype worker (SIZK). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited fromwww.antweb.org, CASENT 0917440, photos by Kate Martynova.

Fig. 60. Temnothorax reticulatus (Chang & He, 2001), holotype worker (NXU 98-610). A. Head in fullface view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 21. Temnothorax hanlu sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A19-7128). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 14. Temnothorax eburneipes (Wheeler, 1927), syntype worker (MCZC). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. Illustrations cited from Radchenko (2004).

Fig. 13. Temnothorax daxue sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A3245). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 25. Temnothorax lidong sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU C18-230). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 26. Temnothorax yanwan Terayama, 2009, holotype worker (NIAS). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited from www.antwiki.org, photos by Hiraku Yoshitake & Takashi Kurihara.

Fig. 61. Temnothorax barrettoi Hamer & Guénard, 2023, holotype worker (ZRC). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited from Hamer et al. (2023), photos by Matthew T. Hamer et al.

Fig. 62. Temnothorax reduncus (Wang & Wu, 1988), holotype worker (CAF). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 63. Temnothorax tianpeng Terayama, 2009, holotype worker (NIAS). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited from www.antwiki.org, photos by Hiraku Yoshitake & Takashi Kurihara.

Fig. 30. Temnothorax qingming sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A07-56). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 31. Temnothorax wui (Wheeler, 1929), syntype worker (MCZC). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. Illustrations cited from Radchenko (2004).

Fig. 39. Temnothorax xiaoxue sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A00436). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 40. Temnothorax striatus holotype worker (GXNU084432). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Photos by Zhi-Lin Chen.

Fig. 64. Temnothorax shannxiensis Zhou et al., 2010, holotype worker (GXNU056481). A. Head in fullface view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Photos by Zhi-Lin Chen.

Fig. 28. Temnothorax lixia sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A05-869). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 5. Temnothorax chun sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A13-38). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 35. Temnothorax xia sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A91-353). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 42. Temnothorax argentipes (Wheeler, 1928), worker (MCZC). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. Illustrations cited from Radchenko (2004).

Fig. 41. Temnothorax xiazhi sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A04-1198). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 37. Temnothorax xiaoman sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A97-4109). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 36. Temnothorax xiaohan sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A07-543). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 33. Temnothorax qiufen sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A18-972). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 65. Temnothorax susamyri (Dlussky, 1965), paratype worker (ZMUM). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited fromwww.antweb.org, CASENT 0917448, photos by Kate Martynova.

Fig. 16. Temnothorax huatuo Terayama, 2009, holotype worker (NIAS). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited from www.antwiki.org, photos by Hiraku Yoshitake & Takashi Kurihara.

Fig. 15. Temnothorax dong sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A99-428). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 32. Temnothorax qiu sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU C18-561). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 34. Temnothorax shuangjiang sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A13-198). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 66. Temnothorax brevispinus (Chang & He, 2001), holotype worker (NXU 99-253). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 18. Temnothorax leyeensis Zhou et al., 2010, holotype worker (GXNU0407356). A. Head in fullface view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Photos by Zhi-Lin Chen.

Fig. 17. Temnothorax dongzhi sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU C18-962). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.

Fig. 67. Temnothorax pisarskii Radchenko, 2004, paratype worker (MIZW). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.. Images cited from www.antweb.org, CASENT 0917459, photos by Kate Martynova.

Fig. 11. Temnothorax spinosior (Forel, 1901), syntype worker (MHNG). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view. Images cited fromwww.antweb.org, CASENT 0909021, photos by Zach Lieberman.

Fig. 10. Temnothorax dahan sp. nov., holotype worker (SWFU A19-6318). A. Head in full-face view. B. Body in lateral view. C. Body in dorsal view.