Acryptolaria conferta (Allman, 1877)

Peña Cantero, Alvaro L., Marques, Antonio C. & Migotto, Alvaro E., 2007, Revision of the genus Acryptolaria Norman, 1875 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Lafoeidae), Journal of Natural History 41 (5 - 8), pp. 229-291 : 281-286

Acryptolaria conferta (Allman, 1877)

Cryptolaria conferta: Clarke 1879, p 239 , 244, Plate 3 Figures 14 –20 (doubtful record. Part of the material could belong to Acryptolaria conferta , in particular that described as ‘‘an unusually large form of the same’’ (Clarke 1879, p 251). This form agrees with Allman’s species in size and shape of the hydrothecae and in the slightly geniculate branches. The small form is closer to A. abies . 25 ° 339 N, 84 ° 219 W, 101 fathoms).

Cryptolaria conferta: Fewkes 1881, p 128 –130 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. Caribbean Sea: Barbados, 73–120 fathoms; Dominica, 118 fathoms; 41 ° 299450? N, 65 ° 359300 W, 1242 fathoms).

Cryptolaria conferta: Quelch 1885, p 1 , 3, Plate 2 Figure 1 [5 Cryptolarella abyssicola (Allman, 1888) ].

Cryptolaria conferta: Agassiz 1888, p 136 –137, Figures 434, 435 (doubtful record, from Cojima, Cuba, 450 fathoms; with coppinia).

Cryptolaria conferta: Levinsen 1893, p 164 (non-record).

Cryptolaria inferta Levinsen 1893, p 165 (non-record).

Cryptolaria conferta: Clarke 1894, p 71 , 72, 76 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. Off west coast of Central America).

Cryptolaria inferta: Marktanner-Turneretscher 1895, p 404 (non-record).

Cryptolaria conferta: Marktanner-Turneretscher 1895, p 403 –404 (non-record).

Cryptolaria conferta: Nutting 1895, p 87 (doubtful record. Off Havana and Morro Castle, Cuba, 125–260 fathoms).

Cryptolaria conferta: Von Campenhausen 1896a, p 105 (?).

Cryptolaria conferta: Von Campenhausen 1896b, p 308 –309 (doubtful record; no figures).

Cryptolaria conferta: Schneider 1897, p 518 (non-record).

Lafoea conferta: Schneider 1897, p 514 (non-record; remark on the coppinia).

Lafoea (Cryptolaria) conferta: Bonnevie 1899, p 63 (non-record; reference to the species).

Cryptolaria conferta: Versluys 1899, p 29 , 32 (doubtful record. Off Testigos Islands, Venezuela, 40 fathoms).

Cryptolaria conferta: Pictet and Bedot 1900, p 4 , 17, 55, Plate 2 Figure 3 , Plate 3 Figure 7 (doubtful record. Off Azores: Sta. 226, 38 ° 319190 N, 30 ° 549450 W, 130 m; Sta. 234, 39 ° 019400 N, 30 ° 159400 W, 454 m; Sta. 247, 38 ° 249 N, 30 ° 219400 W, 318 m).

Cryptolaria conferta: Lo Bianco 1903, p 247 , 268, 277 (?).

Cryptolaria conferta: Jäderholm 1903, p 275 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. Anguilla, Antilles, 70–200 fathoms).

Cryptolaria conferta?: Hartlaub 1904, p 4 , 5, 13, Plate 2 Figure 1 (doubtful record. Antarctic Ocean— 70 ° 009 S, 80 ° 489 W, 550 m).

Cryptolaria conferta: Hartlaub 1905, p 592 (non-record; list of species).

Cryptolaria conferta?: Billard 1906a, p 2 (non-record; list of species).

Lafoea (Cryptolaria) conferta: Billard 1906b, p 330 (non-record; reference to previous papers).

Lafoea conferta: Billard 1906c, p 157 , 177 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. Travailleur 8, Golfe de Gascogne, 411 m, on sponges and hydroids; Travailleur 34, Cap Spartel, 112 m; Talisman 10, Cap Spartel, 717 m, Talisman 18, Mazaghan, Morocco, 550 m, on sponges; Talisman 69, NW Cap Garnet, Sudan, 410 m).

Cryptolaria conferta: Browne 1907, p 29 (non-record; just indication that Cryptolaria humilis should be united with C. conferta and C. crassicaulis ).

Cryptolaria conferta: Broch 1909, p 202 (non-record).

Cryptolaria conferta: Vanhöffen 1910, p 339 , 340 (non-record; list of species).

Cryptolaria conferta var. australis Ritchie 1911, p 826 –830, Plate 84 Figure 2 , Plate 87 Figure 1 (doubtful record. Distinctly smaller hydrothecae; similar to A. minuta . Off Wata Mooli, Australia, 52–78 fathoms).

Grammaria conferta: Broch 1913, p 9 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. West of Gibraltar, 1215 m).

Cryptolaria conferta: Stechow 1913a, p 30 (non-record; reference to other authors concerning the coppinia).

Grammaria conferta: Broch 1918, p 17 –18 (doubtful record; neither figures nor measurements. Denmark Strait, 64 ° 349 N, 31 ° 129 W, 1300 fathoms, 66 ° 359 N, 55 ° 449 W, 88 fathoms, 66 ° 359 N, 56 ° 389 W, 318 fathoms, 60 ° 379 N, 27 ° 529 W, 799 fathoms, 64 ° 449 N, 32 ° 529 W, 976 fathoms).

Cryptolaria conferta var australis: Jäderholm 1919, p 7 , Plate 2 Figure 1 (doubtful record; no description, one figure. Sagami, Misaki, Japan, 200 fathoms).

Cryptolaria conferta: Jarvis 1922, p 335 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. Providence Island, Seychelles, 50–78 fathoms).

Osaealdaria conferta: Stechow 1923a, p 147 (non-record; change of genus).

Osaealdaria conferta var. australis: Stechow 1923b, p 11 (non-record; reference to other authors).

Cryptolaria conferta: Stechow 1925, p 459 –460 (doubtful record; without figures. 24 ° 35.59 N, 17 ° 4.79 W, between Cape Blanc and Cape Bojador, NW Africa, 2500 m. Coppinia in August ).

Acryptolaria conferta: Totton 1930, p 164 , Figure 19a, b (no description, but figured British Museum material from Porto Santo Island).

Acryptolaria conferta var. australis: Totton 1930, p 163 , Figure 19 c–e (doubtful record. Off Three Kings Islands , New Zealand, 549 m. The material from Sta. 96, North Cape, New Zealand, probably belongs to A. minuta ).

Acryptolaria conferta: Kramp 1932, p 68 , Figure 32 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. 66 ° 359N, west of Greenland, 600 m).

Acryptolaria conferta: Leloup 1937, p 5 , 29, Figure 19 (doubtful record. French Indochina: Baie de Nha Trang Bay, Tré Island, 15 m; Thuy Trien; Cape Saint-Jacques, 20 m).

Osaealdaria conferta: Leloup 1940, p 15 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. Sta. 475, 37 ° 529N, 9 ° 159450W, 552 m; Sta. 584, 38 ° 319–38 ° 309300N, 26 ° 499150– 26 ° 509150W, 845 m; Sta. 597, 38 ° 279N, 28 ° 039250W, 523 m; Sta. 600, 38 ° 309350N, 28 ° 169200W, 349 m; Sta. 866, 38 ° 529’500N, 27 ° 239050W, 599 m; Sta. 889, 37 ° 579300N, 29 ° 159100W, 208 m; Sta. 1116, 31 ° 439300N, 10 ° 469450W, 2165 m; Sta. 1302, 36 ° 409N, 14 ° 099450W, 204 m; Sta. 1304; 36 ° 419N, 14 ° 119450W, 208 m; Sta. 1540, 47 ° 169N, 5 ° 169W, 140 m).

Acryptolaria conferta: Fraser 1943, p 90 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. 17 ° 379550N, 64 ° 549200W, off Santa Cruz Island, 115 fathoms; 30 ° 589N, 79 ° 349W, off southern Georgia, 265–290 fathoms).

Acryptolaria conferta: Fraser 1944, p 210 –211, Plate 40 Figure 189 (doubtful record; description and figures. 41 ° 439N, 65 ° 219500W, east of cape Cod peninsula, 1309 fathoms; 31 ° 319N, 79 ° 389300W, off Jacksonville, Florida, 277 fathoms; 30 ° 589300N, 79 ° 389300W, off Jacksonville, 294 fathoms; off Havana, 100–200 fathoms; Antigua, Antilles, 70–200 fathoms).

Acryptolaria conferta: Kramp 1947, p 8 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. Tangier and Josephine Bank, eastern Atlantic).

Acryptolaria conferta: Fraser 1948, p 228 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. San Pedro Channel, California, 68–82 fathoms; off Long Point, Santa Catalina Island, 267–347 fathoms; SE off Church Rock, 280 fathoms).

Acryptolaria conferta: Rossi 1950, p 9 , 201–202, Figure 4a (doubtful record. Golfo di Rapallo).

Acryptolaria conferta: Dawydoff 1952, p 55 (?).

Acryptolaria conferta: Deevey 1954, p 270 (non-record; checklist—reference to other authors).

Osaealdaria conferta: Picard 1958, p 193 (non-record; list of species).

Acryptolaria conferta var. australis: Ralph 1958, p 315 , Figure 3g , 4 a–g (doubtful record; with description and figures. After the figures and the dimensions, materials b–e may refer to A. minuta , though the hydrothecae seem slightly longer. The material from Figure 4a seems another species. New Zealand: Bay of Plenty, Mayor Island and Chatham Island . Figure 4d, e from Bay of Plenty, with female coppinia found in August).

Acryptolaria conferta var. conferta: Ralph 1958, p 317 (non-record; discussion on the species).

Acryptolaria conferta var. australis: Yamada 1959, p 49 (non-record; reference to Jäderholm’s 1919 material).

Acryptolaria conferta var. australis: Ralph 1961, p 236 (non-record; checklist).

Acryptolaria conferta: Kramp 1963, p 106 (non-record; list of species).

Acryptolaria conferta conferta: Millard 1964, p 7 , Figure 1 A–C, E (doubtful record. Clear differences with the holotype, such as distinctly smaller hydrothecae. South Africa: Sta. AFR 736 , 30 ° 42.49S, 15 ° 59.29E, 201 m; Sta. SCD 101 , 34 ° 339S, 24 ° 019E, 131 m).

Acryptolaria conferta australis: Millard 1964, p 9 , Figure 1D , F–G (doubtful record. Probably belonging to other species; similar to A. pulchella . South Africa: Sta. AFR 835 ,?35 ° 099S, 19 ° 029E, 188 m; Sta. SCD 101 34 ° 339S, 24 ° 019E, 131 m; Sta. SCD 103 , 35 ° 079S, 22 ° 159E, 119 m; Sta. SCD 175 , 34 ° 209S, 23 ° 319E, 110 m).

Acryptolaria conferta var. australis: Rees and Thursfield 1965, p 82 , 194 (non-record; reference to Ritchie’s 1911 material).

Acryptolaria conferta: Rees and White 1966, p 273 (non-record; reference to previous records).

Acryptolaria conferta australis: Vervoort 1966, p 115 , Figure 15 (doubtful record. He included one figure and measurements of ‘‘schizosyntypes’’ and ‘‘schizoparatype’’ of Ritchie’s 1911 subspecies. Tasman Sea, 45 ° 519S, 164 ° 329E, 4400 m).

Acryptolaria conferta australis: Millard 1967, p 172 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. East coast of South Africa: 24 ° 409S, 35 ° 289E, 347 m; 29 ° 429S, 31 ° 389E, 350 m).

Acryptolaria conferta: Millard 1968, p 253 , 260–261 [doubtful record; neither description nor figures. One sample, TME 24M, August, with a coppinia. Gonothecae as described by Allman, without modified hydrothecae or nematothecae. Stations TME 23U (29 ° 479300S, 31 ° 119450E, 64 m), 24M (29 ° 489300S, 31 ° 189E, 219 m), 29K (30 ° 029300S, 31 ° 029450E, 164 m), 31F (29 ° 549250S, 31 ° 099450E, 124 m)].

Acryptolaria conferta: Vervoort 1968, p 99 (non-record; checklist—reference to other authors).

Acryptolaria conferta: Patriti 1970, p 30 , Figure 33 (doubtful record. ‘‘Vanneau’’ stations XXIX, XXXV, XXXVII, XLIII; from off Mazaghan and Casablanca, Morocco).

Acryptolaria conferta conferta: Vervoort 1972, p 44 , Figure 12a (doubtful record, considered so by the author. Between Falkland Islands and Burdwood Bank, 52 ° 419S, 59 ° 099W, 108 m).

Acryptolaria conferta: Edwards 1973, p 587 (list of species; hosts of Stegopoma fastigiatum ).

Acryptolaria conferta: Millard 1973, p 28 , Figure 4c (non-record; example of auto-epizoism in South African species).

Cryptolaria conferta: Keller et al. 1975, p 148 (?).

Acryptolaria conferta: Millard 1975, p 169 , Figure 56 (doubtful record; clearly including more than one species. South Africa, distributed from the west coast round the Agulhas Bank into Natal and Mozambique, 64–350 m).

Acryptolaria conferta var. australis: Smaldon et al. 1976, p 14 (non-record; list of type specimens).

Acryptolaria conferta: Millard 1977, p 106 (non-record; list of species).

Acryptolaria conferta: Millard 1978, p 188 et seq. (non-record; list of species).

Acryptolaria conferta: Stepanjants 1979, p 51 , Plate 9 Figure 4 A–G (non-record; reference to other authors).

Acryptolaria conferta: Millard 1980, p 130 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. East coast of South Africa: SM 121— 30 ° 32.29S, 30 ° 52.89E, 625–900 m, SM 131— 30 ° 43.29S, 30 ° 40.89E 780 m, SM 162— 32 ° 55.09S, 28 ° 31.09E 630 m, SM 185— 33 ° 39.39S, 27 ° 11.69E 90 m, SM 226— 32 ° 28.69S, 28 ° 58.89E 710– 775 m, SM 228— 32 ° 29.59S, 28 ° 57.19’E 650–700 m, SM 232— 32 ° 14.99S, 29 ° 10.49E 560–620 m, SM 233— 32 ° 15.29S, 29 ° 09.89W 540–580 m, SM 237— 32 ° 15.49S, 29 ° 09.79E 600–650 m, SM 239— 32 ° 14.89S, 29 ° 00.89E 90 m, SM 255— 31 ° 37.89S, 29 ° 40.89E 125 m).

Acryptolaria conferta: Stepanjants 1980, p 116 (non-record).

Acryptolaria conferta: Blanco 1981, p 275 –276, Figures 3 , 4 (doubtful record. Hydrotheca much curved outwards, with a much larger free adcauline portion and aperture. 42 ° 559S, 58 ° 589W, 368–380 m).

Acryptolaria conferta: García Carrascosa 1981, p 146 –148, Plate 6 Figures a, b, Plate 30 Figure D (doubtful record. Distinctly smaller than the type material; probably belonging to a different species. Columbretes Islands. 67–80 m).

Osaealdaria conferta: Marinopoulos 1981, p 176 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. French Mediterranean coast, 125–600 m).

Acryptolaria conferta: Hirohito 1983, p 6 , 19 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. Off Niijima and Ôshima islands, in front of Sagami Bay, Japan).

Acryptolaria conferta conferta: Vervoort 1985, p 282 –283 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. Golfe de Gascogne, Stations 1/DS65, 2/CV38 and 2/CV40).

Acryptolaria conferta: Templado et al. 1986, p 98 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. Off Alborán Island: 35 ° 549–35 ° 529N, 03 ° 099– 03 ° 059W, 70–120 m; Seco de los Olivos, off Almería coast: 36 ° 319N, 02 ° 519W, 80–120 m; 36 ° 319N, 02 ° 539W, 100– 200 m).

Acryptolaria conferta: García Carrascosa et al. 1987, p 367 , Plate 1 Figures A, B (doubtful record; no description. Columbretes Islands).

Acryptolaria conferta australis: Rees and Vervoort 1987, p 37 –39, Figure 6e (doubtful record. The material agrees with A. pulchella in shape and size of hydrothecae. Sta. 111, 05 ° 049180S, 39 ° 149120E, off Tanganyika coast, Zanzibar area, 73–165 m).

Acryptolaria conferta: Altuna and García Carrascosa 1990, p 54 et seq., Figure (non-record).

Acryptolaria conferta: Cairns et al. 1991, p 24 (non-record; list of common and scientific names).

Acryptolaria conferta: Calder 1991, p 33 –35, Figures 19 , 20 (doubtful record. It could belong to A. crassicaulis . Coppinia in July; without defensive tubes. SE of Castle Roads, Bermuda, 73 m).

Acryptolaria conferta: El Beshbeeshy 1991, p 63 –66, Figure 13 (doubtful record. Clearly different from this species. Patagonian shelf, off Falkland Islands: 51 ° 119S, 56 ° 579W, 225 m; 53 ° 449S, 59 ° 549W, 535 m).

Acryptolaria conferta australis: Park 1991, p 545 , Figure 5 A–D (doubtful record. From Sogwip’o).

Acryptolaria conferta australis: Dawson 1992, p 15 (non-record).

Acryptolaria conferta: Park 1992, p 287 (?).

Acryptolaria conferta conferta: Ramil and Vervoort 1992, p 41 –43, Figure 7a, b (doubtful record. From the Strait of Gibraltar, the Alboran Sea and off Cape Spartel and Rabat).

Acryptolaria conferta minor Ramil and Vervoort 1992, p 43 –48, Figures 8 a–c, 9a–c (doubtful record. Off Cape São Vicente, Cádiz, the Strait of Gibraltar, Cape Spartel, Rabat and the Alboran Sea).

Acryptolaria conferta: Boero and Bouillon 1993, p 263 (non-record; list of species).

Acryptolaria conferta: Calder 1993, p 67 et seq. (non-record; list of species).

Acryptolaria conferta: Altuna Prados 1994, p 131 –134, Plate 16 Figures A, B (doubtful record. Basque coast. Coppinia in July).

Acryptolaria conferta: Altuna 1995, p 54 (non-record; list of species).

Acryptolaria conferta: Blanco 1994a, p 162 (non-record; identification key).

Acryptolaria conferta: Blanco 1994b, p 188 (non-record; reference to other authors).

Acryptolaria conferta: Blanco et al. 1994, p 8 –9, Figures 4 , 5 (doubtful record; it seems to belong to a different species. 42 ° 559S, 58 ° W, 368–380 m).

Acryptolaria conferta: Avian et al. 1995, p 18 (non-record; checklist).

Acryptolaria conferta: Bouillon et al. 1995, p 51 (non-record; museum catalogue).

Acryptolaria conferta: Álvarez Claudio and Anadón 1995, p 238 (non-record; list of species)

Acryptolaria conferta: El Beshbeeshy 1995, p 326 –327, Figure 1C (?).

Acryptolaria conferta: Medel and López-González 1996, p 198 (non-record; cataloguereference to other authors).

Acryptolaria conferta: Stepanjants et al. 1996, p 15 , 19 (non-record).

Acryptolaria conferta: Boero and Bouillon 1993, p 263 (non-record; list of species).

Acryptolaria conferta: Hirohito 1995, p 104 , Figure 29c, d, Plate 5 Figure c (doubtful record. Sagami Bay, shallow water to 200 m).

Acryptolaria conferta: Calder 1997, p 87 (non-record; reference to other authors).

Acryptolaria conferta: Genzano and Zamponi 1997, p 290 (non-record; list of species).

Acryptolaria conferta: Stepanjants et al. 1997, p 458 (non-record; list of species).

Grammaria conferta: Hansson 1998, p 7 (non-record; checklist).

Acryptolaria conferta: Schuchert 2000, p 413 , 423 (doubtful record; neither description nor figures. Off Iceland: Sta. 2107, 67.836 ° N, 19.555 ° W, 905– 903 m; Sta. 2257, 63.244 ° N, 26.486 ° W, 1209–1212 m; Sta. 2288, 62.387 ° N, 22.677 ° W, 1390–1410 m; Sta. 2291, 62.464 ° N, 22.673 ° W, 1206–1207 m; Sta. 2849, 62.830 ° N, 18.007 ° W, 976–1000 m).

Acryptolaria conferta: Lalana et al. 2001, p 159 (non-record; checklist—reference to other authors).

Acryptolaria conferta: Schuchert 2001, p 61 –62, Figure 48A, B (doubtful record; it seems to belong to a different species. North, southwest, and south coasts of Iceland, 905– 1400 m).

Acryptolaria conferta: Watson 2003, p 161 –162, Figure 11 A–D (doubtful record. Similar to A. longitheca . Coppinia in January. 56 ° 15.79–56 ° 189S, 158 ° 30.29– 158 ° 28.79E, off Macquarie Island, 500–600 m).

Acryptolaria conferta: Schuchert 2003, p 156 –157, Figure 15 (doubtful record. Kei Islands , 5.64 ° S, 132.43 ° E, 196 m).

Acryptolaria conferta conferta: Vervoort and Watson 2003, p 43 –44, Figure 4 A–C (doubtful record. Around New Zealand. Fertile in June, July, August, and September).

Acryptolaria conferta: Vervoort 2006, p 226 –227 (doubtful record; off Azores, from the S of Madeira, off Fuerteventura, S of Hierro and SW of Palma, in the Canary Islands, off Razo, in the Cape Verde Islands, and off Mauritania, 52–2050 m).

Acryptolaria conferta var. minor: Vervoort 2006, p 228 , Figure 11 a–d (doubful record; off NE of Flores, in Azores, S of Madeira, S of Fuerteventura, and S and SW of Hierro, in the Canary Islands, off Mauritania and off Cape Blanc du Nord and W of Cape Yubi, in Morocco, 150–1000 m).

Figures

Figure 1. Acryptolaria abies (Allman, 1877). (A) Part of branch showing hydrothecal arrangement; (B–F) hydrothecae. (A–C, E) From the paralectotype; (D) from the lectotype; (F) from MCZ 45714. Scale bar: 1 mm (A); 400 Mm (B–F).

Figure 2. Acryptolaria angulata (Bale, 1914). (A–C) Hydrothecae. All drawings from the holotype. Scale bar: 400 Mm.

Figure 3. Acryptolaria bulbosa (Stechow, 1932). (A) Part of branch showing hydrothecal arrangement; (B–D) hydrothecae. All drawings from the holotype. Scale bar: 400 Mm.

Figure 4. Acryptolaria conferta (Allman, 1877). (A, B) Branch fragments showing hydrothecal arrangement; (C–F) hydrothecae; (G) gonothecae. All drawings from the holotype. Scale bar: 1 mm (A, B); 400 Mm (C–G).

Figure 5. Acryptolaria corniformis Naumov and Stepanjants, 1962. (A) Branch fragment showing hydrothecal arrangement; (B, C) hydrothecae. All drawings from the holotype. Scale bar: 1 mm (A); 400 Mm (B, C).

Figure 6. Acryptolaria crassicaulis (Allman, 1888). (A–C) Hydrothecae. All drawings from the holotype. Scale bar: 400 Mm.

Figure 7. Acryptolaria flabellum (Allman, 1888). (A, B) Branch fragments showing hydrothecal arrangement; (C, D) hydrothecae. All drawings from the holotype. Scale bar: 1 mm (A, B); 400 Mm (C, D).

Figure 8. Acryptolaria gracilis (Allman, 1888). (A) Branch fragment showing hydrothecal arrangement; (B–F) hydrothecae. All drawings from the ‘‘cotype’’. Scale bar: 1 mm (A); 400 Mm (B–F).

Figure 11. Acryptolaria minuta Watson, 2003. (A–C) Branch fragments showing shape and arrangement of hydrothecae. All drawings from the holotype. Scale bar: 400 Mm.

Figure 12. Acryptolaria operculata Stepanjants, 1979. (A, B) Branch fragments showing shape and arrangement of hydrothecae. All drawings from the paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 13. Acryptolaria pulchella (Allman, 1888). (A) Branch fragment showing hydrothecal arrangement; (B–E) hydrothecae; (F) coppinia fragment (dorsal view); (G) gonotheca (lateral view). All drawings from the holotype. Scale bar: 1 mm (A); 400 Mm (B–G).

Figure 14. Acryptolaria tortugasensis Leloup, 1935. (A–F) Branch fragments showing shape and arrangement of hydrothecae. All drawings from the holotype. Scale bar: 1 mm (A); 400 Mm (B–F).

Figure 15. Hydrothecal arrangement in Acryptolaria. (A) A. abies; (B) A. conferta; (C) A. corniformis; (D) A. crassicaulis; (E) A. flabellum; (F) A. gracilis. Scale bar: 500 Mm (A, B, D, E); 250 Mm (C); 100 Mm (F).

Figure 19. Shape of gonothecae: (A) Acryptolaria conferta; (B) A. minima. Detail of different structures: (C) bottleneck-shaped basal part of hydrotheca in A. gracilis; (D) opercular structure in A. minima; (E) opercular structure in A. operculata; (F) longitudinal striae in hydrotheca of A. flabellum; (G) intrathecal cusp of A. tortugasensis. Scale bar: 100 Mm (A, B, D, F, G); 50 Mm (C); 250 Mm (E).