Batillipes dicrocercus Pollock, 1970a

Kaczmarek, Łukasz, Bartels, Paul J., Roszkowska, Milena & Nelson, Diane R., 2015, The Zoogeography of Marine Tardigrada, Zootaxa 4037 (1), pp. 1-189 : 14-17

12. Batillipes dicrocercus Pollock, 1970a

Batillipes mirus Richters, 1909 ( Rodriguez-Roda 1947, 1952)

Batillipes dicrocercus n. sp. ( Pollock 1970a)

Batillipes dicrocercus Pollock 1970 (D’Addabbo Gallo et al. 1978)

Batillipes dicrocercus ( Accogli et al. 2009)

B. dicrocercus, Pollock 1970 (Grimaldi de Zio et al. 1983b)

B. dicrocercus Pollock, 1970 ( Maucci & Durante Pasa 1984)

Terra typica : Atlantic Ocean ( USA, North America)

Adriatic Sea:

• 42°07′18′′N, 15°29′49′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, San Domino Island, Cala delle Arene. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 42°07′N, 15°30′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, San Nicola Island, Cretaccio. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 42°06′N, 15°28′E [42°08′N, 15°30′E]; 7, 10 and 20 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, between Tremiti Islands, Posidonia seagrass meadow, medium and fine sand (diameter 2.25) moderately sorted (σ = 0.98). D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2000a), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)

• 42°07′N, 15°30′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, San Domino Island, Cala Spino. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 40°46′20′′N, 17°39′30′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Torre Pozzelle, intertidal, on the shoreline, 1 m away from the sea, medium sand (0.354 and 0.5 mm). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980b, 1983b)

• 40 ° 32.78′N, 18°06.75′E; 50 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Lendinuso, mud. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40 ° 31.59′N, 18°05.51′E; 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Lendinuso, coarse sand in Posidonia meadows. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40 ° 31.59′N, 18°05.51′E; 20 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Lendinuso, coarse sand in Posidonia meadows. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40 ° 27.24′N, 18°14.63′E; 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Lecce Bacino (San Cataldo), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40 ° 27.24′N, 18°14.63′E; 20 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Lecce Bacino (San Cataldo), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40 ° 27.24′N, 18°14.63′E [40°22′N, 18°20′E]; 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Ceisne (Marne protected area), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40 ° 27.17′N, 18°14.58′E [40°22′N, 18°20′E]; 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Ceisne (Marne protected area), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40°12′18′′N, 18°27′28′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Alimini Lakes, intertidal, medium-fine sand with 57% of siliceous fraction. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

Atlantic Ocean:

• 41°31′41′′N, 70°40′41′′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO21] Type Locality: USA, Massachusetts State, Barnstable County, Buzzard’s Bay, the neck connecting Woods Hole and Penzance Point, Crane’s Beach, 5–25 cm deep in sand, medium coarse sand poorly sorted. Pollock (1970a, b)

• 30°24′N, 86°44′W; 37 cm / 0.37 m bsl: [FAO31] USA, Florida State, Gulf of Mexico, Santa Rosa Island, beach, high tidal line near the water table, sample from the vertical wall of the excavation from the beach surface to the depth of the water. McKirdy (1975)

Balearic Sea:

• 41°42′N, 02°52′E; 2–3, 3–4 or 5 m bsl: [FAO37] Spain, N oriental coast of Spain, Costa Brava, Girona Province, between Lloret and Tossa, Trons cove, rocky ground, marine sediments, sand. Rodriguez-Roda (1947, 1952), Maucci & Durante Pasa (1984)

• 40°49′N, 08°30′E; 0–7 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sardinia, Sassari Province, Gulf of Asinara, medium and medium fine sand. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2007)

• 40°20′N, 08°22′E; 0 and 1 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sardinia, Sassari or Oristano Province, Gulf of Alghero, medium sand. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2007)

Baltic Sea:

• 53°57′N, 14°28′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO27] Poland, West Pomerania Province, E of mouth of Odra River, Wolin National Park, near Miêdzyzdroje, littoral, sand. Hummon (1994)

Ionian Sea:

• 40°24′30′′N, 17°13′28′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Tarento Province, Lido Bruno, intertidal, medium coarse sand with high calcareous percentage (97%). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°23′07′′N, 17°18′29′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Tarento Province, Lido Gandoli, intertidal, heterogenous sand with high calcareous content. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°22′25′′N, 17°18′18′′E [40°21′N, 17°22′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Tarento Province, Marina di Pulsano, intertidal, medium coarse sand with high calcareous percentage (96%). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°22′03′′N, 17°22′29′′E [40°21′N, 17°22′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Tarento Province, Gabbiano, intertidal, heterogenous sand mainly calcareous (98%). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°16′10′′N, 17°53′08′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Porto Cesareo, intertidal, on the shore line, medium-fine sand (max 0.354 mm). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980b, 1983b)

• 40 ° 15.37′N, 17°52.83′E; 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Porto Cesareo (marine protected area), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40°13′90′′N, 17°54′59′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Isidoro [Sant’Isidoro]. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 40 ° 12.94′N, 17°5.07′E [40°13′N, 17°55′E]; 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Isidoro, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40°09′N, 17°58′E; 0-20 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Nard, Corvine cave, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2009)

• 40°08′38′′N, 17°59′00′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Santa Caterina, intertidal, medium sand, mainly calcareous. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 40°08′N, 17°59′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Santa Caterina, beach, 1 m from the shoreline, 35 cm deep in sand, medium sand (max 0.354 mm). D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1978), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980b)

• 40°03′00′′N, 18°00′00′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, near Gallipoli, Lido Conchiglie, intertidal, on the shoreline, medium sand (max 0.354 mm), mainly calcareous (97%). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1980b, 1983b)

• 39 ° 58.71′N, 18°18.28′E [39°49′N, 18°18′E]; 20 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Gregorio, sand, coarse organogenous debris. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 39°52′00′′N, 16°42′30′′E; 20–200 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Cosenza Province, High Ionian Sea offshore, Calabrian Coast, Amendolara Shoal, coralligenous sand, coralligenous sand mixed with debris, coarse medium or fine coralligenous sand (few samples). D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1987), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (1987), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 39°48′40′′N, 18°40′38′′E [39°49′N, 18°19′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Gregorio. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

Mediterranean Sea:

• 35°54′N, 14°32′E; 35 m bsl: [FAO37] Republic of Malta, SE coast of Malta, Sicily Channel, 1.75 km SE of the entrance of Grand Harbour and 1.4 km NW of the coastal settlement Xghajra, fine sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)

Pacific Ocean:

• 36°58′27′′N, 122°01′51′′W [34°03′N, 119°43′W]; [FAO77] 0 m bsl: USA, California State, Santa Barbara County, Channel Islands, Santa Cruz Island, intertidal, algae on shell debris in tide pool. Miller et al. (2014)

Tyrrhenian Sea:

• 40°20′30′′N, 09°40′15′′E; 61-80<m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sardinia Island, Nuoro Province, Orosei Gulf, sand in Posidonia seagrass meadow and coralligenous detritus. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 40°13′N, 09°38′E; 1–7 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sardinia, Nuoro Province, Gulf of Orosei, medium and coarse sand. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2007)

• 38°44′N, 16°06′E [38°43′N, 16°06′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Vibo Valentia Province, Vibo Valentia, Trainiti beach. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 38°36′N, 14°55′E; 46 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Secca del Capo, coralligenous sand bank, subtidal zone, medium carbonate sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)

• 38°34′N, 14°52′E [38°35′N, 14°52′E]; 1–5 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Salina Island, Punta di Magne, subtidal zone, siliceous sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 38°32′N, 14°50′E [38°33′N, 14°50′E]; 1–5 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Salina Island, Rinella, subtidal zone, siliceous sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 38°31′N, 14°56′E; 1.5–5 and 18 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Lipari Island, Acqua Calda, subtidal zone, siliceous sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 38°31′N, 14°56′E [38°31′N, 14°58′E]; 1.5–5 and 18 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Lipari Island, Porticello, subtidal zone, siliceous sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 38°29′N, 14°57′E [38°29′N, 14°58′E]; 1.5–5 and 18 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Lipari Island, Canneto, subtidal zone, siliceous sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 38°27′N, 14°55′E [38°27′N, 14°56′E]; 1.5–5 and 18 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Lipari Island, Valle Muria, subtidal zone, siliceous sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 38°26′N, 14°55′E [38°27′N, 14°57′E]; 1.5–5 and 18 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Lipari Island, Pietra Lunga North, subtidal zone, siliceous sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 38°26′N, 14°57′E [38°27′N, 14°58′E]; 1.5–5 m bsl and 18 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Lipari Island, Punta S. Giuseppe, subtidal zone, siliceous sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 38°26′N, 14°55′E [38°26′N, 14°57′E]; 1.5–5 m bsl and 18 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Lipari Island, Pietra Lunga South, subtidal zone, siliceous sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 38°25′N, 14°56′E [38°25′N, 14°57′E]; 1.5–15 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Volcano Island, West Porto, subtidal zone, siliceous sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 38°24′N, 14°56′E [38°25′N, 14°58′E]; 1.5–15 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Volcano Island, East Porto, subtidal zone, siliceous sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 38°02′18′′N, 14°01′03′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sicily, Palermo Province, Cafal (Costa Verde), intertidal, medium coarse sand, mainly siliceous (94%). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

• 38°01′50′′N, 13°57′08′′E [38°02′N, 14°01′E]; 2 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sicily, Palermo Province, Cafal (Costa Verde), subtidal, medium sand, mainly siliceous (89%). Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1983b)

Record numbers (Sea/Ocean classification): Adriatic Sea: 13, Atlantic Ocean: 2, Balearic Sea: 3, Baltic Sea: 1, Ionian Sea: 15, Mediterranean Sea: 1, Pacific Ocean: 1, Tyrrhenian Sea: 17; total: 53.

Record numbers (FAO classification): FAO21: 1, FAO27: 1, FAO31: 1, FAO37: 49, FAO77: 1; total: 53.

Remarks: Although the type locality of this taxon is on the Atlantic coast of the USA, most reports for this species are from the Mediterranean basin. There has also been some confusion in the records indicating that other Batillipes taxa may belong to B. dicrocercus (see e.g. Maucci & Durante (1984), Hummon (1994) and Rodriguez-Roda (1947, 1952) who recorded B. mirus in Spain). Similarly, some B. dicrocercus records may belong to different taxa. For example, Hummon (1994) reported B. dicrocercus from Poland, which has been questioned by Zawierucha et al. (2015), who suggested it belonged to B. noerrevangi . Batillipes dicrocercus has been reported from different types of sand and detritus in the intertidal zone, and has occasionally been collected in the subtidal down to ca. 80 m bsl.