Simulium (Chirostilbia) pertinax Kollar, 1832

Hernández, Luis Miguel, Shelley, Anthony John, Dias, Antonio Paulino Andrade De Luna & Maia-Herzog, Marilza, 2008, Carcinoma Folicular de Tiroides concomitante con Hiperparatiroidismo Primario. Caso Clínico, Zootaxa 1834, pp. 1-100 : 34-36

Simulium (Chirostilbia) pertinax Kollar, 1832

( Figs. 9, 11 , 24–26 , 51–58 , 94–96 , 114–116 , 130–132 , 145–147 , 166, 167 , 188 , 201 , 214 , 227 , 240 , 254 )

This is the most common anthropophilic species of Chirostilbia found in southeastern Brazil.

Simulium pertinax Kollar , in Pohl, 1832: 117 and in Pohl and Kollar, 1832: 19. HOLOTYPE ♀, BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Ipanema, 1819–1822 (Natterer) [For further information on the holotype see Shelley et al., 1984: 150.] (NM) [Examined.]

Simulium inexorabile Schrottky, 1909: 63 . SYNTYPES ♀♀, ARGENTINA, BRAZIL, PARAGUAY: R. Paraná. [Type depository unknown; types probably destroyed]. [Synonymy with Simulium pertinax by Lutz, 1922: 92, revalidated by D’Andretta & D’Andretta, 1950: 193; Synonymy with Simulium pertinax by Wygodzinsky, 1953: 301.]

Chirostilbia flavifemur Enderlein, 1921a: 199 . LECTOTYPE ♀, BRAZIL: [No state, collection date or collector’s name.] (NMHU). [Synonymised with S. pertinax by Lane & Porto, 1939: 170; revalidated by D’Andretta and D’Andretta, 1950: 193; synonymy with S. pertinax by Coscarón, 1981: 157; lectotype designation by Stone, 1962: 207.] [Examined.]

Trichodagmia lutziana Enderlein, 1934: 291 . LECTOTYPE ♀, PARAGUAY: San Bernardino; 16.xi. [Without year or collector’s name.] (NMUH) [Examined.] [Synonymised with S. pertinax by Lane and Porto, 1939: 170.] [The SYNTYPES ♀♀ specimens from Brazil: Rio de Janeiro & São Paulo regions were not located at IOC and are presumed to be lost]. New type designation.

Simulium septentrionale Cerqueira & Barbosa de Almeida, 1970: 1 . HOLOTYPE ♀ associated with pupa, BRAZIL: Ter- ritory of Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rio Machado, Igarapé Candelária (INPA). [Examined.] [Junior primary homonym of S. septentrionale Enderlein, 1935: 362 (Palaearctic species).]

Simulium cerqueirai Barbosa de Almeida, Nunes de Mello & Barbosa de Almeida, 1974: 68 [Replacement name for S. septentrionale Cerqueira & Almeida, 1970 .] [Synonymised with S. pertinax by Py-Daniel, 1981: 71.]

Female. General body colour black. Body length (specimens pinned) 2.3–3.2 mm (mean = 2.8 mm, s.d.=0.27, n=15), wing length 0.9–2.7 mm (mean= 2.3 mm, s.d.=0.21, n=17), wing width 0.9–1.3 mm (mean= 1.1 mm, s.d.=0.10, n=18).

Head— dichoptic with dark red eyes and nudiocular area developed ( Figs. 9–11 ). Frons, clypeus and occiput black, with silvery grey pruinosity; clypeus and frons covered with dark, semi-erect, black setae. Mouthparts brown. Antennae with scape and pedicel brown, remaining segments dark brown to black. Cibarium without teeth, with well developed, sclerotised cornuae ( Figs. 24–26 ).

Thorax— scutum black covered by evenly arranged, recumbent, golden setae; posterior margin with long, recumbent, golden setae. Scutal pattern indistinct and varying with illumination. With anterior illumination, thorax grey pruinose with 1+1 narrow diverging submedian black vittae extending from anterior margin for three fourths length of scutum; humeri black with faint grey pruinosity; lateral margin and posterior margins black ( Figs. 51, 53, 55, 57 ). With posterior illumination, thorax black with grey pruinosity on anterior two thirds length of scutum; humeri and lateral margins silver pruinose; posterior margin black ( Figs. 52, 54, 56, 58 ). Scutellum dark brown to black with recumbent, golden setae interspersed with long, black bristles. Postnotum dark brown to black with silver pruinosity. Pleura dark brown to black with silver pruinosity. Costa of wing with sparse distribution of spines and setae. Subcosta with line of setae on basal two thirds. Radius with line of setae intermixed with spines; basal section of Radius with setae. Basal tuft of long dark setae. Leg coloration and proportions as in Figs. 94–96 . Foreleg with coxa, trochanter, femur and tibia yellow; apical articulation of tibia and tarsal segments dark brown. Mid leg with coxa dark brown and trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsi pale yellow, distal areas of tarsi brown. Hind leg yellowish white except coxa, apical half of tibia, apical fourth of basitarsus and tarsi dark brown. Claw strongly curved with distinct basal tooth. Halteres cream with brown bases.

Abdomen— tergites I–V dark brown, VIII–IX shiny black, tergite I sometimes mottled brown mesally; abdominal segments with silver pruinosity as follows: anterior and posterior margin of tergite I, tergite II dorsally and on ventro-lateral margin, and ventro-lateral margins of tergites II–V [best seen when specimens viewed laterally]. Tergal plates developed; sternal plates undeveloped. Sternites greyish black; genitalia black. Eighth sternite sclerotised with irregularly distributed setae on posterior margin; gonapophyses subtriangular, membranous except sclerotised on internal margin and setae basally ( Fig. 114 ). Cercus hemispherical, covered with long brown setae; paraproct subrectangular, ventral extension subtriangular and two and a half times length of cercus and distinctly sclerotised; paraproct covered with prominent brown setae centrally and highly setose apically ( Fig. 130–132 ). Genital fork stout, heavily sclerotised with stem expanded apically [in some specimens the stem is not expanded at the apex]; termination of lateral arms with anterior margin straight and developed; anterior and posterior processes poorly developed ( Figs. 145–147 ). Spermatheca globular, without external sculpturing and with spicules on internal surface; area of insertion of spermathecal duct two fifths maximum width of spermatheca.

Male. General body colour black. Body length (specimens pinned) 1.9–2.2 mm (mean= 2.1 mm, s.d.=0.09, n=4), wing length 1.9–2.1 mm (mean=2.0 mm, s.d.=0.08, n=4), wing width 0.9–1.0 mm (mean=1.0 mm, s.d.=0.03, n=4).

Head— holoptic with dark red eyes. Remainder of head coloration as in female.

Thorax— scutum black with faint grey pruinosity, covered with recumbent, golden hairs diverging to lateral margins at mid point of scutum. Scutal pattern varies slightly with light incidence: with anterior light source black with 1+1 small sublateral grey pruinose oval areas in anterior third not touching anterior margin ( Fig. 166 ) [In some specimens these merge and form a band that touches anterior margin as in S. dekeyseri ]. With light source posterior to specimen thorax dark brown to black ( Fig. 167 ). Humeri weakly silver pruinose; lateral and posterior margins of scutum dark black [in lateral view lateral and posterior margin silver pruinose]. Scutellum dark brown with recumbent, golden hairs interspersed with long, erect, and black hairs on posterior margin. Postnotum brown with silvery grey pruinosity. Wing setation as in female. Leg coloration as in female.

Abdomen— tergites black, basal fringe with long brown hairs. Silver pruinose ornamentation as follows [best seen when specimen viewed laterally]: anterior margins of segments I and II, posterolateral margins of segment V and whole of segment VI. Genitalia dark brown to black; sternal and tergal plates developed. Gonocoxite almost square; gonostyle conical and curved dorsally at apex, shorter than gonocoxite with spiniform setae distally; gonocoxite and gonostyle covered with long setae ( Fig. 188 ). Ventral plate subtriangular and curved apically, weakly sclerotised and covered with small hairs, basal arms reduced and strongly sclerotised ( Fig. 201 ). Median sclerite small, pear-shaped with distinct apical incision ( Fig. 214 ). Paramere with developed and sclerotised basal process and several, stout teeth apically ( Fig. 227 ).

Pupa. Cocoon length dorsally 2.7–3.2 mm (mean=3.0 mm, s.d=0.17, n=12), ventrally 2.9–4.0 mm (mean= 3.4 mm, s.d.=0.33, n=12); pupa length 3.1–4.1 mm (mean= 3.5 mm; s.d.=0.33, n=12); gill length 1.2– 2.3 mm (mean= 1.8 mm, s.d.=0.34, n=14).

Cocoon— slipper-shaped as in Fig. 240 , light to dark brown composed of thick, coalesced fibres, with reinforced rim to anterior aperture, margin of aperture weakly elevated.

Gill— light brown with eight forwardly-directed, well separated arranged in vertical plane. Gill configuration with main trunk short, giving rise to three sets of primary branches; dorsal and median consisting of three secondary branches and ventral of two secondary branches ( Fig. 254 ); all bifurcating at different heights in basal fifth of gill.

Head— frontoclypeus with 2+2 bifid frontal and 1+1 simple facial trichomes; frontoclypeus with distinct group of platelets mesally, 1+1 dorso-laterally and 2–3 platelets in groups of two laterally in frontal region; tubercles rounded, densely distributed over entire frontal and facial region.

Thorax— with 3+3 four branched trichomes near margin of dorsal cleft and one long, bifid trichome on posterior region; tubercles mostly rounded, densely distributed over entire surface.

Abdomen— tergite I with 2+2 submedian simple setae [on left side of one specimen most internal trichome is bifid] and 1+1 long simple trichomes laterally; tergite II with 4+4 submedian spiniform setae in longitudinal row, 1+1 small simple setae between most internal spiniform setae, and 2+2 simple setae anterior to outermost setae; tergites III and IV with 4+4 submedian simple hooks in longitudinal row, sometimes 1+1 small simple setae anterior to most lateral hooks, and 1+1 small simple setae laterally; tergites V–VII with small spine combs on anterior margin; tergite VIII with seven distinct submedian teeth on anterior margin and groups of spine combs anterolaterally; tergite IX with 1+1 small terminal spines, weakly sclerotised. Abdominal sternite V with 2+2 close bifid median hooks; sternites VI–VII with 2+2 well separated bifid hooks. Abdominal sternites V–VIII with groups of spine combs on anterior margin.

Larva. A description of the larva is given by D’Andretta & D’Andretta (1950), Coscarón (1991) and Coscarón & Coscarón-Arias (2007).

Figures

PLATE 1. FIGURES 1–15. Nudiocular area of: 1: S. bifenestratum (After Hamada & Pepinelli, 2004); 2: S. dekeyseri paratype; 3: S. distinctum; 4: S. empascae; 5: S. friedlanderi; 6: S. jefersoni paratype; 7: S. obesum; 8: S. papaveroi (after Coscarón, 1981); 9: S. pertinax; 10: C. flavifemur paralectotype; 11: T. lutziana paralectotype; 12: S. riograndense; 13: S. serranus (after Coscarón, 1982); 14: S. spinibranchium; 15: S. subpallidum. [Scale bar for all photographs except Figs. 8, 13.]

PLATE 2. FIGURES 16–30. Cibarium of: 16: S. bifenestratum (After Hamada & Pepinelli, 2004); 17: S. dekeyseri paratype; 18: S. distinctum; 19: S. empascae; 20: S. friedlanderi; 21: S. jefersoni paratype; 22: S. obesum; 23: S. papaveroi (after Coscarón, 1981); 24: S. pertinax; 25: C. flavifemur paralectotype; 26: T. lutziana paralectotype; 27: S. riograndense; 28: S. serranus (after Coscarón, 1982); 29: S. spinibranchium; 30: S. subpallidum. [Scale bar for all photographs except Figs. 23, 28.]

PLATE 4. FIGURES 47–62. Colour patterns for female thorax. For each species first figure is with anterior illumination and second figure with posterior illumination, except for Fig. 50 in which the light source is lateral to the specimen (see Coscarón, 1982): 47, 48: S. obesum; 49, 50: S. papaveroi (After Coscaron, 1982); 51, 52: S. pertinax holotype; 53, 54: S. pertinax; 55, 56: C. flavifemur lectotype; 57, 58: T. lutziana lectotype; 59, 60: S. septentrionale holotype; 61, 62: S. riograndense. [Scale bars for all photographs except figures 49,50.]

PLATE 7. FIGURES 91–105. Colour pattern for female front, mid and hind legs, respectively. 91–93: S. papaveroi (After Coscarón, 1982); 94–96: S. pertinax; 97–99: S. riograndense; 100–102: S. spinibranchium; 103–105: S. subpallidum. [Scale bars for all photographs except figures 91–93.]

PLATE 9. FIGURES 113–120. Female gonapophyses of: 113: S. papaveroi (After Coscarón, 1982); 114: S. pertinax; 115: C. flavifemur paralectotype; 116: T. lutziana paralectotype; 117: S. riograndense; 118: S. serranus; 119: S. spinibranchium; 120: S. subpallidum.

PLATE 10. FIGURES 121–136. Female cercus and paraproct of: 121: S. bifenestratum (After Hamada & Pepinelli, 2004); 122: S. dekeyseri paratype; 123: S. distinctum lectotype; 124: S. distinctum, São Paulo, Brazil; 125: S. empascae; 126: S. friedlanderi; 127: S. jefersoni paratype; 128: S. obesum; 129: S. papaveroi (After Coscarón, 1982); 130: S. pertinax; 131: C. flavifemur paralectotype; 132: T. lutziana paralectotype; 133: S. riograndense; 134: S. serranus; 135: S. spinibranchium; 136: S. subpallidum.

PLATE 11. FIGURES 137–151. Female genital fork of: 137: S. bifenestratum (After Hamada & Pepinelli, 2004); 138: S. dekeyseri paratype; 139: S. distinctum lectotype; 140: S. empascae; 141: S. friedlanderi; 142: S. jefersoni paratype; 143: S. obesum; 144: S. papaveroi (After Coscarón, 1982); 145: S. pertinax; 146: C. flavifemur paralectotype; 147: T. lutziana paralectotype; 148: S. riograndense; 149: S. serranus; 150: S. spinibranchium; 151: S. subpallidum.

PLATE 13. FIGURES 166–179. Colour patterns for male thorax. For each species first figure is with anterior illumination and second figure with posterior illumination. 166, 167: S. pertinax; 168, 169: S. riograndense; 170, 171: S. serranus paratype; 172, 173: S. spinibranchium; 174–177: S. subpallidum colouration forms, 174, 175: Orange form; 176, 177: Grey form; 178, 179: Black form.

PLATE 14. FIGURES 180–193. Male gonocoxite and gonostyle of: 180: S. bifenestratum (After Hamada & Pepinelli, 2004); 181: S. dekeyseri paratype; 182: S. distinctum; 183: S. empascae; 184: S. friedlanderi; 185: S. jefersoni paratype; 186: S. obesum; 187: S. papaveroi (After Coscarón, 1982); 188: S. pertinax; 189: S. riograndense; 190: S. serranus paratype; 191: S. spinibranchium; 192: S. subpallidum (longitudinal ridge undeveloped); 193: S. subpallidum (longitudinal ridge developed). [Scale bars for all photographs except for photographs 180, 187.]

PLATE 15. FIGURES 194–205. Male ventral plate of: 194: S. bifenestratum (After Hamada & Pepinelli, 2004); 195: S. dekeyseri paratype; 196: S. distinctum; 197: S. empascae; 198: S. friedlanderi; 199: S. jefersoni paratype; 200: S. obesum; 201: S. pertinax; 202: S. riograndense; 203: S. serranus paratype; 204: S. spinibranchium; 205: S. subpallidum [Scale bars for all photographs except photograph 194].

PLATE 16. FIGURES 206–218. Male median sclerite of: 206: S. bifenestratum (After Hamada & Pepinelli, 2004); 207: S. dekeyseri paratype; 208: S. distinctum; 209: S. empascae; 210: S. friedlanderi; 211: S. jefersoni paratype; 212: S. obesum; 213: S. papaveroi (After Coscarón, 1982); 214: S. pertinax; 215: S. riograndense; 216: S. serranus paratype; 217: S. spinibranchium; 218: S. subpallidum [Scale bar for all photographs except photographs 206, 213].

PLATE 18. FIGURES 227–231. Male paramere of: 227: S. pertinax; 228: S. riograndense; 229: S. serranus paratype; 230: S. spinibranchium; 231: S. subpallidum.

PLATE 20. FIGURES 240–244. Cocoon and pupal exuviae of: 240: S. pertinax; 241: S. riograndense; 242: S. serranus (After Coscarón, 1981); 243: S. spinibranchium; 244: S. subpallidum [Scale bar for all photographs except photograph 242]

PLATE 22. FIGURES 253–260. Right gill fill of: 253: S. papaveroi (After Coscarón, 1982); 254: S. pertinax; 255: S. riograndense; 256: S. serranus; 257: S. spinibranchium; 258: S. subpallidum (common pattern, “form” with eight); 259: S. subpallidum (variation, “form” with 8); 260: S. subpallidum (“form” with six filament). [Scale bar for all figures except Fig. 254.]