Kali indica Lloyd 1909

Melo, Marcelo R. S., 2008, The genus Kali Lloyd (Chiasmodontidae: Teleostei) with description of new two species, and the revalidation of K. kerberti Weber, Zootaxa 1747, pp. 1-33 : 5-10

Kali indica Lloyd 1909

( Figs. 1 A, 2, and 3; Tables 1 , 3 and 4 )

Kali indica Lloyd 1909: 154 –155, plate 54, figure 6 [original description; type locality Bay of Bengal, India, 16°56’15” N, 92°33’00” E, 1343 fathoms (2458 m), R/V Investigator sta. 312; holotype ZSI F1054/1]; Smith 1965 [reassignment of genus]; Norman 1966: 366 –367 [key to genera of Chiasmodontidae and list of species]; Johnson 1969: 587 – 588, figure 1 [revision of the genus and key to the species]; Johnson and Cohen 1974: 39 –41 [revision of the genus, diagnosis and brief description]; Novikov et al. 1981 [list of specimens collected in Jingu Seamount, Emperor chain; material not examined]; Johnson and Keene 1986: 732, figure 228.5 [key to the species]; Johnson and Keene 1990: 902 [record of eastern tropical Atlantic species]; Trunov 1998: 138 –139, figure 1 [record for the Antarctic]; Smith (in press) [key to species]; Mooi and Paxton 2001: 3495 –3496 [list of Pacific species]; Nakabo 2002: 1589 [key to family]; McEachran and Sutton 2003: 1742 –1743 [list of Atlantic species]; Moore et al. 2003: 227 [checklist of deep-sea fishes from off New England, Western North Atlantic]; Mundy 2005: 455 [checklist of Hawaiian species]; Hardy 2005: 1902, 1908–1909 [identification of larvae]; Hardy 2007: 1312 [identification of larvae].

Material examined. 31 specimens; holotype examined by pictures. Atlantic, Slope Water: MCZ 158887, 1, 132.5 mm, 39°57’ N, 67°30' W, 0–2100 m, 3–XII–2000, R/V Delaware II; MCZ 164764, 1, 131.6 mm (female), 39°50’ N, 67°26’ W, 0–1592 m, 18–V–2005, R/V Delaware II. South Atlantic Subtropical: MNRJ 26693, 2, 205.8– 207.7 mm (both females), 21°07’ S, 39°49’ W, 1633–1665 m, 8–VII–2000, R/V Thalassa . Guinean Province: USNM 207986, 1, 131.28 mm, 5°00’ S, 15°00’ W, 1282 m, 23–IV–1965. Atlantic Subantarctic: USNM 207620, 1, 104.27 mm, 39°19’ S, 3°15’ W, 0–2000, R/V Walther Herwig, St. 406/71. Pacific, Eastern Pacific: SIO 05–152, 1, 195.2 mm, 32°00’ N, 124°00’ W, 500–3700 m, 1986, R/V Melville; SIO 74–41–60, 1, 98.5 mm, 27°43’ N, 115°33’ W, 325 m, R/V Alexander Agassiz; SIO 78–190–60, 1, 164.2 mm, 30°57’ N, 120°46’W, 1400 m, 15–VI–1975, R/V Alexander Agassiz; LACM 31170, 1, 111.0 mm, 32°42’ N, 118°16’ W, 27–IV–1970, R/V Vel ero IV. Pacific Plate: USNM 367283, 1, 105.4 mm; 21°00’ N 158°00’ W; NMNZ P. 23623, 1, 193.2 mm, 22–IX–1988, 42°57’ S, 174°13’ E, 1112–1180 m, R/V James Cook. Western Pacific. SIO 69–19–60, 1, 167.9 mm, 6°00’ N, 122°35 E, 21–IV–1968, J. Pine col.; SIO 70–308–60, 1, 131.7 mm, 29°47’ N, 137°5.9’ E, 0–1350 m, 30–VI–1970, R/V Melville; SIO 53–367–60, 2, 111.6– 163.95 mm, 34°00’N, 135°00’ E, 24–X–1953, R/V Spencer Baird. Indian: ZSI F1054/1, holotype, 170.0 mm, 16°56’ N, 92°33’ E, 2456 m, R/V Investigator . Southern Ocean: LACM 10765–11, 1, ca. 100.0 mm, 50°54’ S, 40°15’ W, 2452 m, 5– II –1966, USNS Eltanin; LACM 10921–11, 1, 140.3 mm, 60°17’ S, 110°15’ W, 2379 m, 26–X–1964, USNS Eltanin; LACM 10958–11, 1, 182.6 mm, 54°56’ S, 149°24’ W, 1601 m, 19–XI–1964, USNS Eltanin. Tentative identification. Eastern Pacific: USNM 207987, 1, 164.2 mm, Mexico, 29°19’ N, 121°25’ W, 0–1676 m, 14–IV–1962, R/V Horizon.

Diagnosis. Kali indica can be distinguished from all species of Kali except K. falx by the teeth in lateral series of premaxilla seven to 11, caniniform, elongated, slightly curved, type 4, widely spaced (vs. teeth in lateral series of premaxilla 13 to 33; recurved, with ventral attachment, closely spaced in K. parri ; needle-like, closely spaced in K. kerberti and K. macrodon and anterior part fourth of K. normani ; caniniform but not very elongated in K. colubrina ); first tooth of lateral series of premaxilla longest, with tight type 4 attachment (vs. first tooth of lateral series of premaxilla not remarkably enlarged, smaller than adjacent teeth, with loose types 4 attachment or with ventral attachment to bone); teeth in mesial series of premaxilla three, fang-like (vs. teeth in mesial series of premaxilla four or 15; not fang-like in K. macrura , K. parri , and K. colubrina ); teeth in lateral series of dentary six to eight, very elongated, curved, type 4, widely spaced (vs. teeth in lateral series of dentary 12 to 32; recurved, with ventral attachment, closely spaced in K. parri , needle-like, closely spaced in K. kerberti and K. macrodon and anterior part fourth of K. normani ; recurved in K. colubrina ).

Kali indica can be distinguished from K. falx by the larger eye, orbit width 15.4–22.7% and orbit height 12.5–18% in head length (vs. eye small, orbit width 11.2–16.0% and orbit height 9.7–12.4% in head length); basihyal elongated and straight, pointing forward (vs. basihyal reduced and strongly curved, pointing ventrally); first tooth in lateral series of premaxilla enlarged, 15.2–16.4 % in premaxillary length, slightly curved, not projecting anteriorly (vs. first tooth in lateral series of premaxilla remarkably enlarged, 17.2–20.5% in premaxillary length, sickle-shaped, projecting anteriorly); first tooth in mesial series of premaxilla anterior to level of anterior nostril, and to second tooth of lateral series (vs. first tooth in mesial series of premaxilla below level of anterior nostril, and beside second tooth of lateral series); first tooth in mesial series of dentary beside second tooth of lateral series (vs. first tooth in mesial series of dentary between second and third teeth in lateral series).

Description. Moderate-sized species of Kali , largest specimen examined 207.7 mm SL. Meristic data summarized in table 2, and morphometric in table 4. General body pattern as described for genus.

Dentition. Teeth present on premaxilla, dentary, palatine, upper and lower pharyngobranchials; premaxilla and dentary as illustrated in figure 1 A, and summarized in table 1. Tooth crown length 14.9–20.5% in tooth length. Premaxilla elongated, arched in lateral view, with teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row; teeth type 4, caniniform, with flange, widely spaced. Anteriormost tooth longest, 15.1–16.4% in premaxillary length, slightly curved, inserted at antero-ventral tip of premaxilla; tightly attached to bone, with restricted movement. Following teeth curved, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior, at lateral edge of premaxilla; second to fourth teeth at anterior half of premaxilla, between level of anterior nostril and posterior margin of eye; posterior teeth needle-like, at posterior third of premaxilla. Mesial series in single row; teeth with ventral attachment, recurved, fang-like, largest tooth 23.4–33.5% in premaxillary length, with flange; widely spaced, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior; base of first tooth below anterior nostril, beside second tooth of lateral series; second tooth below anterior margin of eye, between third and fourth teeth of lateral series; and third tooth slightly posterior to posterior margin of eye, between fourth and fifth teeth of lateral series.

Dentary elongated, moderately arched in lateral view; teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row; teeth type 4, caniniform, slightly curved, with flange, widely spaced; anterior tooth longest, remaining teeth decreasing in size from anterior to posterior, opposite to premaxillary teeth. Mesial series in single row; teeth with ventral attachment to bone, recurved, fang-like, largest tooth 20.1–29.3% in dentary length, with flange. Teeth widely spaced, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior; base of first tooth beside second of tooth of lateral series; second tooth halfway between third and fourth of teeth of lateral series, and third tooth slightly anterior to fifth tooth of lateral series. Single specimen (MNRJ 26693) with small fourth tooth in mesial series, at posterior end of dentary.

Palatine teeth type 4, conical, slender, with short flange, in single row. Lower pharyngeal teeth type 4, needle-like, without flange, in single row; upper pharyngeal teeth type 4, conical, slender, without flange, in one to two rows. Teeth absent on gill arches, basihyal and basibranchials.

Color. Skin covering body fragile, missing in most specimens, description based on MCZ 164764. Epidermis black, thin and fragile, completely destroyed or restricted to small patches in all specimens examined; dermis thin, transparent with widely spaced melanophores. Peritoneum transparent, with moderate concentration of melanophores. Orobranchial chamber pale, with few widely-spaced melanophores in sides of mouth, opercle and membranes between branchiostegal rays; gill arches and filaments pale.

Distribution. World-wide in the equatorial, tropical, subtropical, temperate and subpolar regions: in the Atlantic from 40° N to 40° S; in the Indian from the type locality, 16°56’ N, 92°33’ E; in the Pacific 31° N to 43° S; and in the Southern Ocean between 50° S and 60° S ( Fig. 3 ).

Bathymetric distribution. Bathypelagic zone; more frequently recorded in depths between 1400 and 2500 m (mean 1954 m). A single record from above 1000 m (935 m); deepest record at 3300 m.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Schematic of the dentition in species of Kali; lower and upper jaws illustrated in lateral view: (A) K. indica, SIO 69 – 19 – 60; (B) K. kerberti, AMNH 225946; (C) K. macrodon, USNM 207597; (D) K. macrura USNM 207608; (E) K. parri, ISH 2123 b – 1971; (F) K. colubrina, UF 149944; (G) K. falx, USNM 207618. Teeth with ventral attachment to bone indicated in red, darker in mesial series, lighter in lateral series; type 4 teeth indicated in blue, darker in mesial series, lighter in lateral series; see text for details. Scale bar equals to 1 cm.

FIGURE 3. Map of distribution of Kali indica (squares) and K. kerberti (triangles). Solid symbols stand for type localities, open symbols for specimens listed herein; each symbol may represent more than one sampling locality or lot of specimens.

Tables

TABLE 1. Dentition and gill rakers of Kali indica (n = 12), K. kerberti (n = 19), K. macrodon (n = 16), and K. macrura (n = 9).

	Kali indica	Kali kerberti	Kali macrodon	Kali macrura
Character	Range Mode	Range Mode	Range Mode	Range Mode
Premaxilla – lateral series
Type 4	7–11 11	15–31 25	10–33 21	6–10 6
With ventral attachment	0 0	0 0	0 0	7–10 8
Premaxilla – mesial series
Type 4	0 0	1 1	1 1	0 0
With ventral attachment	3 3	4–5 5	6–9 7	3–4 4
Dentary – lateral series
Type 4	6–8 6	12–25 19	16–31 21	7–13 12
With ventral attachment	0 0	0 0	0 0	5–11 8
Dentary – mesial series
Type 4	0 0	0 0	0 0	0 0
With ventral attachment	3–4 3	4–5 5	7–9 8	6–8 8
Palatine
Type 4	3–7 3	0–6 3	5–10 7	3–9 7
Gill rakers
First epibranchial	0 0	0–4 3	0–7 4	4–7 5
First ceratobranchial	0 0	2–10 8	1–17 15	11–19 16
First basibranchial	0 0	0 0	0–1 0	0 0

TABLE 3. Morphometric data of Kali indica (n = 12) and K. kerberti (n = 15). SD means standard deviation.

	Kaliindica		Kalikerberti
Character	Range Mean	SD	Range Mean	SD
Standard length (mm)	105.4–207.7 167.2	32.0	64.9–192.7 124.2	32.4
Head length (mm)	29.0–52.1 41.6	6.3	17.7–41.0 30.5	11.6
Percentage of HL
Snout	28.5–32.6 30.5	1.4	29.2–35.9 32.4	1.9
Upper jaw	79.0–87.1 83.1	2.8	67.8–83.6 76.1	4.6
Lower jaw	82.0–96.6 87.6	4.1	75.9–91.7 85.5	4.3
Orbit width	15.4–22.7 18.1	2.5	14.2–17.8 16.1	1.1
Orbit height	12.5–18.0 15.6	1.5	10.1–16.3 12.6	1.6
Anterior nostril to eye	6.1–9.5 7.6	1.0	4.9–11.1 7.8	1.5
Posterior nostril to eye	1.3–5.4 2.7	1.3	1.8–3.6 2.5	0.5
Distance between nostrils	3.7–6.6 4.6	0.9	2.2–5.6 3.7	1.1
Interorbital distance	22.8–29.4 25.1	1.7	22.2–29.3 26.1	2.3
Head width	31.2–39.0 33.9	2.0	29.8–37.5 33.1	2.1
Cheek depth	5.0–9.0 6.4	1.3	2.2–6.9 3.8	1.2
Percentage of SL
Head length	20.9–27.5 25.1	1.9	21.3–27.4 24.3	1.6
Body width	1.8–7.1 4.6	1.3	3.7–7.2 5.3	0.9
Insertion of pectoral fin	24.3–29.7 27.2	1.8	23.9–28.9 26.2	1.5
Insertion of pelvic fin	23.2–29.5 26.9	1.8	23.7–30.5 26.4	1.8
Pectoral-fin length	15.7–21.6 18.3	2.4	6.4–22.5 16.7	5.3
Pelvic-fin length	8.0–12.4 10.4	1.6	5.8–14.7 9.6	2.3
Origin of 1st dorsal fin	25.7–30.7 28.7	1.6	27.3–32.5 29.3	1.3
Base of 1st dorsal fin	21.8–24.6 22.9	1.1	16.8–26.7 23.1	2.2
Origin of 2nd dorsal fin	51.6–56.4 54.7	1.2	51.9–58.8 55.0	1.8
Base of 2nd dorsal fin	33.4–35.3 34.3	0.7	32.4–40.3 35.8	2.1
Origin of anal fin	48.8–59.3 53.0	3.2	49.3–56.5 52.4	2.0
Base of anal fin	28.1–37.8 33.1	3.2	31.2–39.0 36.7	1.9
Peduncle depth	3.2–3.9 3.5	0.2	3.0–4.4 3.6	0.4
Peduncle length	12.0–14.4 13.5	0.8	9.2–13.9 11.2	1.2

TABLE 4. Meristic data of Kali indica (n = 12), and K. kerberti (n = 19). Asterisk indicates data not available.

	Kali indica		Kali kerberti
Character	Range Mode	Holotype	Range	Mode
Fin counts
First dorsal-fin rays	XI–XIV XII	XIII	XI–XIII	XII
Second dorsal-fin rays	21–25 24	22	22–26	26
Anal-fin rays	22–26 24	25	24–27	25
Pectoral-fin rays	12–13 12	13	12–14	12
Pelvic-fin rays	I, 5 I, 5	*	I, 5	I, 5
Caudal-fin rays	ii, 6, 7, ii ii, 6, 7, ii	*	ii, 6, 7, ii	ii, 6, 7, ii
Branchiostegal rays	6 6	*	6	6
Pores of Sensorial System
Lateral line	* *	*	39–44 (n=2)	*
Temporal	* *	*	1 (n=1)	1
Supratemporal	* *	*	2 (n=1)	2
Otic	* *	*	2 (n=1)	2
Supraorbital	* *	*	4 (n=1)	4
Epiphyseal branch	* *	*	*	*
Infraorbital	8–9 (n=3) 8	*	8–9 (n=2)	*
Preopercular	4 4	*	3	3
Mandibular	5–6 6	*	6–7	7
Osteology
Total vertebrae	40 (n=1) 40	37	37–38 (n=8)	38
Precaudal vertebrae	* *	*	*	*