Anolis gadovii Boulenger 1905

Köhler, Gunther, Pérez, Raúl Gómez Trejo, Petersen, Claus Bo P., Méndez, Fausto R. & Cruz, De La, 2014, A revision of the Mexican Anolis (Reptilia, Squamata, Dactyloidae) from the Pacific versant west of the Isthmus de Tehuantepec in the states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Puebla, with the description of six new species, Zootaxa 3862 (1), pp. 1-210 : 150-157

Anolis gadovii Boulenger 1905

Figs. 124–129

Anolis gadovii Boulenger 1905: 245 ; type locality: “Tierra Colorada, South Guerrero,” Mexico. Holotype: BMNH 1946.8.13.1. Gadow 1905, Barbour 1934, Mosauer 1936, Smith 1936, Smith & Spieler 1945, Smith & Taylor 1950a,b, Smith 1972, Smith & Smith 1973, Fitch 1976, Fitch & Henderson 1976, Fitch et al. 1976, Smith & Smith 1976, Flores-Villela & Gerez 1994, Pérez-Ramos et al. 2000, Liner 2007, Köhler et al. 2013 a, Köhler 2014, Köhler et al. 2014

Anolis gadovi: Davis 1954 , Stuart 1955, Etheridge 1959, Davis & Dixon 1961, Shelford 1963, Fitch 1970, Fitch & Henderson 1973, Smith & Smith 1976, Lieb 1981, Fitch & Hillis 1984, Gorman et al. 1984, Flores-Villela 1993, Lieb 1995, 2001, Fläschendräger & Wijffels 2009, Losos 2009, Flores-Villela et al. 2010, Urbina-Cardona & Flores-Villela 2010, Wilson & Townsend 2010, Wilson et al. 2013

Anolis gadoviae: Myers 1971 , Smith & Savitzky 1972, Smith & Smith 1976

Anolis gadowi: Duellman 1965 , Smith & Smith 1976

Norops gadovii: Savage & Guyer 1989 , Nicholson 2002, Nicholson et al. 2012

Diagnosis. A moderate-sized to moderately large species (SVL in largest male 76.0 mm, largest female 63.0 mm) of the genus Anolis (sensu Poe 2004) that differs from all other Mexican and Central American congeners except A. dunni , A. liogaster , A. omiltemanus , and A. peucephilus by having (1) smooth ventral scales; (2) an oval patch of usually three greatly enlarged supraorbital scales; (3) a pair of greatly enlarged postcloacal scales in males. Anolis gadovii is unique among the Mexican and Central American anole species in exhibiting a bold pattern of dark brown blotches and lines on the head and body. Anolis gadovii differs from A. liogaster , A. omiltemanus , and A. peucephilus by having the middorsal scales not or only 2-4 rows slightly enlarged (vs. 10–15 rows of dorsal scales moderately enlarged in A. liogaster , A. omiltemanus , and A. peucephilus ). Also, A. gadovii has longer hind legs than A. omiltemanus and A. peucephilus with the longest toe of adpressed hind leg reaching to level of mideye or anterior border of eye (vs. to level of ear opening or to a point between shoulder and ear opening in A. omiltemanus and A. peucephilus ), and a pink to purple male dewlap (vs. uniform orange yellow in A. omiltemanus and A. peucephilus ), and usually only a single pair of greatly enlarged sublabial scales in contact with infralabial scales (vs. usually two pairs in A. omiltemanus and A. peucephilus ). Aside from its bold reticulated pattern, A. gadovii differs from A. dunni by longer hind legs with the longest toe of adpressed hind leg reaching to level of mideye or anterior border of eye (vs. to a point between ear and eye or to posterior border of eye, rarely to ear opening or to mideye in A. dunni ) and a pink to purple male dewlap (vs. pinkish to orange red with semicircular pale streaks and blotches in A. dunni ).

Description. Anolis gadovii is a moderate-sized–moderately large anole (maximum recorded SVL 76.0 mm in males, 63.0 mm in females); dorsal head scales in internasal region keeled, some smooth rugose, other head scales mostly smooth to rugose; well developed prefrontal depression present, usually shallow, occasionally moderate parietal depression; 6–8 postrostrals; anterior nasal single or divided, the lower scale in contact with rostral and first supralabial or, occasionally, only with rostral scale; 7–9 internasals; canthal ridge sharply defined; scales comprising supraorbital semicircles well defined, forming a rounded ridge, especially anteriorly, largest scale in semicircles larger than largest supraocular scale; supraorbital semicircles usually broadly in contact, separated by a complete row of scales in one specimen (UIMNH 20130); 0–3 scales separating supraorbital semicircles and interparietal at narrowest point; interparietal well defined, greatly enlarged relative to adjacent scales, surrounded by scales of small to moderate size, longer than wide, larger than ear opening; enlarged supraoculars separated from supraorbital semicircles by one or two complete row(s) of small scales; 3–4 rows of granular scales between enlarged supraoculars and superciliaries; usually 2 elongate superciliaries, anterior one longest, followed posteriorly by a series of about 10 small keeled granular scales; usually 3 enlarged canthals, the second canthal largest; 9–13 scales between second canthals; 10–14 scales present between posterior canthals; loreal region slightly concave, 37–62 mostly keeled (some smooth or rugose) loreal scales in a maximum of 6–7 horizontal rows; 6–8 supralabials to level below center of eye; suboculars keeled, separated from supralabials by one complete scale row, or these scales narrowly in contact (1–2 suboculars in contact with 1–2 supralabials); ear opening vertically oval, oriented slightly obliquely; scales anterior to ear opening smooth or keeled granulars, about twice as large than those posterior to ear opening; 6–8 infralabials to level below center of eye; 4–7 postmentals (usually 6), outer pair at least four times larger than adjacent median postmental scales; usually two, commonly one, exceptionally 3 enlarged sublabials in contact with infralabials on each side; rounded to pointed granular scales present on chin and throat; male dewlap large, extending from level below anterior margin of eye to level of chest; 9–10 horizontal gorgetal-sternal rows with 9–16 scales per row; modal number of marginal pairs 2–4; female dewlap very small to small; a nuchal crest and a dorsal ridge present in males; scales on middorsum juxtaposed to subimbricate, weakly keeled, with rounded posterior margins, grading into smaller granular lateral scales; 0–2 middorsal scale rows slightly enlarged; lateral scales more or less homogeneous; 79–102 dorsal scales along vertebral midline between levels of axilla and groin in males, 85–106 in females; 42–60 dorsal scales along vertebral midline contained in one head length in males, 44–54 in females; ventral scales on midsection about twice the size of largest dorsal scales; scales on midventer smooth, flat, subimbricate to imbricate with rounded posterior margins, slightly heterogeneous in size; 60–79 ventral scales along midventral line between levels of axilla and groin in males, 62–76 in females; 38–54 ventral scales contained in one head length in males, 34–48 in females; 158–186 scales around midbody in males, 156–184 in females; tube-like axillary pocket absent; precloacal scales smooth; males with a pair of moderately enlarged postcloacal scales; tail moderately compressed in cross section, tail height/tail width 1.14–1.55 in males, 1.11–1.25 in females; basal subcaudal scales smooth, all other caudal scales keeled; lateral caudal scales homogeneous, although an indistinct division in segments is discernible; dorsal medial caudal scale row slightly to moderately enlarged, keeled, not forming a crest; scales on anterodorsal surface of brachium and on dorsal surface of antebrachium subimbricate, weakly keeled, unicarinate; 29–34 subdigital lamellae on Phalanges II–IV of Toe IV of hind limbs; 7–11 subdigital lamellae on distal phalanx of Toe IV of hind limbs; digital pads dilated, about 3 times the width of distal phalanx. In the specimens examined, the longest toe of the adpressed hind leg reaches to level of between beyond tympanum and anterior border of eye. For variation in selected scalation and morphometric characters see Table 12 .

The coloration in life of an adult male from near Palo Gordo (SMF 96195; Fig. 125c,d ) was recorded as follows: Dorsal ground color of head Sayal Brown (41); dorsal ground color of body Dark Drab (45) grading laterally into Cinnamon (270); tail Ground Cinnamon (270); limbs Cinnamon Brown (43) with Sepia (286) reticulations and spots; chin Glaucous (289) with suffusions of Cream Yellow (82); venter Cinnamon-Drab (50); ventral surface of limbs and base of tail Light Neutral Gray (297) ventral surface of tail Glaucous (289); dewlap ground color in center Mauve (208), Dark Bluish Purple (230) between gorgetals and a Pinkish Flesh Color (253) in the lower margin with Light Orange Yellow (77) gorgetals; iris Sky Blue (192).

The coloration in life of an adult female from near Palo Gordo (SMF 96196; Fig. 125e ) was recorded as follows: Dorsal ground color Dark Drab (45) with Antique Brown (24) vertebral line and Raw Umber (280); dorsal surface of limbs Burnt Sienna (38); dorsal surface of tail Raw Umber (22); ventral surface of head Glaucous (289) with suffusions of Dark Pale Gray (290); dewlap Spinel Pink (235) grading into Ruby (240) at margin; iris Sepia (286) with Sky Blue (192) inner circle.

The incompletely everted hemipenis of SMF 96621 ( Fig. 129 ) is a moderate-sized, bilobate organ; sulcus spermaticus bordered by well developed sulcal lips and at base of apex presumably bifurcating into two branches that continue to tips of lobes; a large asulcate processus present; apex strongly calyculate, truncus and asulcate ridge with transverse folds.

Natural History Notes: The habitat of Anolis gadovii near Palo Gordo is characterized by low seasonal forest with numerous boulders. During daytime, we observed individuals of A. gadovii mostly on the vertical surfaces of the boulders, a few perched head-down on small tree trunks that grow between the boulders. Flight distance was usually 2– 4 m. We observed males displaying the dewlap and also males chasing each other. lizards were found sleeping on vertical and overhanging rock surfaces ( Fig. 130 ). On 7 August 2013, we measured a juvenile that had a SVL of 26 mm, a tail length 43 mm, and a weight of 0.4–0.5 g.

Geographic Distribution and Conservation. As currently known, Anolis gadovii is restricted to the hills in the vicinity of the city of Tierra Colorada in the south-central portion of the Mexican state of Guerrero at elevations between 260 and 310 masl ( Fig. 111 ). Given its presumably small geographic range, highly degraded and fragmented habitats, and continuing threat of deforestation, we consider the conservation status of A. gadovii to be Critically Endangered based on criterion B1ab(iii) of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria ( IUCN 2012).

Specimens examined ⎯ Mexico: Guerrero: near Palo Gordo , 290 m: IBH 26585, 26610 , SMF 96195–96 , 96718 ; Tierra Colorada , 290 m: BMNH 1946.8 . 13.1, FMNH 25886 , 106101 , 106206 , 114445–57 , MCZ R-39707, 93669, UIMNH 20107–10 , 20129–30 , 57204–06 , 57209 , 57212 , 57214 , 57216 , 57219 , 57224-26 , 57228 , 57230–31 , 81953 (two specimens) .

Figures

FIGURE 111a. Map indicating collecting localities of species related to Anolis liogaster. Each symbol can represent one or more adjacent localities. Black circles: Anolis dunni; white circles: A. liogaster; black squares: A. taylori; white squares: A. gadovii.

FIGURE 124. Dewlaps of Anolis gadovii in life. (a) SMF 96195; (b) IBH 26610; (c) SMF 96196; (d) IBH 26585. (a–b) are males, (c–d) are females.

FIGURE 125. Anolis gadovii in life. (a) individual near Palo Gordo, not collected; (b) IBH 26610; (c) SMF 96195; (d) SMF 96195; (e) SMF 96196; (f) IBH 26585. (a–d) are males, (e–f) are females.

FIGURE 126. Anolis gadovii: head scalation in (a,c,e) SMF 96196; (b,d,f) SMF 96195. Scale bars equal 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 127. Anolis gadovii: nasal region in (a) SMF 96196; (b) UIMNH 57226; superciliary region in (c) IBH 26610; (d) SMF 96196; chin region in (e) IBH 26610; (f) SMF 96196; cloacal region in (g) UIMNH 57231; (h) UIMNH 57206. Scale bars equal 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 128. Anolis gadovii: dorsal scales in (a) IBH 26610; (b) SMF 96196; flank scales in (c) SMF 96196; (d) SMF 96195; ventral scales in (e) SMF 96195; (f) SMF 96196. Scale bars equal 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 129. Hemipenis of Anolis gadovii (SMF 96621): (left) sulcate view; (right) asulcate view. Scale bar equals 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 130. Adult female of Anolis gadovii (not collected) as it was found sleeping on a vertical rock surface at night.