Allende

Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2011, Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4), pp. 713-879 : 743-745

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87AD-C077-5527-FF33-4C03D748F95E
treatment provided by	Valdenar
scientific name	Allende
status

Treatment

ALLENDE View in CoL View at ENA ÁLVAREZ- PADILLA, 2007 ( FIGS 3B View Figure 3 , 8–12 View Figure 8 View Figure 9 View Figure 10 View Figure 11 View Figure 12 )

Type species: Allende puyehuensis Álvarez-Padilla, 2007 . The holotype of this species is a female specimen from Osorno ( Chile) deposited at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (examined).

Diagnosis: Allende species can be distinguished from all other tetragnathid genera by the following combination of characters: epigynum projected and with two apical invaginations ( Fig. 10C View Figure 10 ); cymbial base covered with small denticles ( Fig. 11D View Figure 11 ); cymbial ectomedian process with short and thick macrosetae ( Fig. 11B View Figure 11 ).

Description: Female: body length from 7.6 to 13.33 mm. Carapace thoracic region slightly elevated and with a shallow semi-circular fovea ( Fig. 9A View Figure 9 ). Ocular area higher than cephalothorax lateral margins ( Fig. 9D, G View Figure 9 ). Sternum triangular, projecting between coxae IV ( Fig. 9F View Figure 9 ). Secondary eyes with canoeshaped tapetum. Eyes subequal in size, lateral eyes slightly larger. Lateral eyes juxtaposed and on a tubercle. Clypeus height is 1.5 AME diameter. Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth ( Fig. 9C View Figure 9 ). Cheliceral boss present ( Fig. 9C, D View Figure 9 ). Labium trapezoidal and rebordered. Endites rebordered, longer than wide ( Fig. 9F View Figure 9 ). Femora without trichobothria. Booklung covers smooth. Tracheal spiracle located near the ALS. Median tracheae undivided, with leaf-shaped apex, longer than half the lateral tracheae length, tracheal spiracle with several glands (more than four on each side) ( Fig. 8A–E View Figure 8 ). ALS with c. 60 piriform spigots. PMS with three aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and the minor ampullate spigots; minor ampullate spigot nubbin present. PLS with 13 aciniform spigots arranged roughly in two lines; cylindrical spigots peripheral; aggregate spigots embracing the flagelliform ( Álvarez-Padilla, 2007: fig. 9f–h). Epigynum protruding and well sclerotized, copulatory openings groove-shaped and located at the sides of the base of median plate ( Fig. 10C View Figure 10 ). Copulatory ducts short and well sclerotized. Fertilization ducts short, arising behind the copulatory duct insertion area and crossing over the spermathecae ( Figs 10D, E View Figure 10 , 12D View Figure 12 ). Spermathecae surface rugose, covered with small pits and accessory gland openings arranged in groups ( Fig. 10F View Figure 10 ).

Male: body length from 5.4 to 8.9 mm. Legs relatively longer than those in the females, without modifications. Ocular area as in female ( Fig. 9E View Figure 9 ). Anterior surface of chelicerae rugose ( Fig. 9B View Figure 9 ). Epiandrous fusules arranged in clusters inside a depression on the epiandrous plate ( Fig. 8F View Figure 8 ). PLS triplet reduced to nubbins, cylindrical spigots absent ( Álvarez-Padilla, 2007: fig. 9i). Pedipalp patella with a single macroseta ( Fig. 11A, B View Figure 11 ). Palpal tibia 3.5 times longer than wide, and with dorsal trichobothria at its base. Paracymbium cylindrical, longer than wide, with a distal sclerotized outgrowth, covered with macrosetae and attached to the cymbium by means of a membrane. Tegulum wider than long, cup-shaped, and with the subtegulum located at its base ( Figs 11E View Figure 11 , 12C View Figure 12 ). Embolus enlarged basally and with a single apophysis, which is attached to the embolus by an S-shaped sclerotized ridge that inserts into its median section, the rest of the attachment is membranous ( Fig. 12A View Figure 12 ). Conductor well sclerotized, arising dorsally from the tegulum, following its margin and gradually wrapping the embolus, attachment to the tegulum sclerotized ( Fig. 12B View Figure 12 ). Sperm reservoir spiralled ( Fig. 12C View Figure 12 ).

Natural history: This genus includes four species endemic to the western slopes of the Chilean Andes. They live in temperate cloud forests amongst low vegetation or near rivers. Only the web of Allende puyehuensis has been documented ( Fig. 3B View Figure 3 ): it builds horizontal webs with c. 11 radii, c. ten spirals, an open sector, and open hubs.

Taxonomy: The monophyly of this genus is well supported with BS and JK values of 4 and 97, respectively, in the morphology plus behaviour analyses ( Fig. 143A, B View Figure 143 ). Six morphological synapomorphies support the monophyly of Allende: PLS aggregate spigots distal parts embracing the flagelliform spigot, cymbial ectobasal process covered with denticles ( Fig. 11D View Figure 11 ), cymbial ectomedian process longer than half the cymbium width, and covered with macrosetae thicker than those of the cymbium ( Fig. 11A, D View Figure 11 ); conductor with a distal hook with several lobes at the tip ( Fig. 11F View Figure 11 ), and the protruding epigynum plate ( Fig. 10A View Figure 10 ). A previous phylogenetic analysis proposed Allende as sister to Chrysometa ( Álvarez-Padilla, 2007; Fig. 142B View Figure 142 ). The analysis of the morphological and behavioural data set recovered Allende as sister to a large clade of tetragnathids that includes Chrysometa , Nanometinae , Diphya spinifera , and Tetragnathinae ( Fig. 143A View Figure 143 ). The total evidence analysis recovered Allende as sister to Tetragnathinae ( Fig. 144 View Figure 144 ). Our genus diagnosis and description takes into account all described species of Allende (Álvarez- Padilla, 2007). We coded specimens of A. nigrohumeralis (F. O. P. Cambridge, 1889) for the phylogenetic analysis.