Paratetrapedia bifrons, Aguiar & Melo, 2011

Aguiar, Antonio J. C. & Melo, Gabriel A. R., 2011, Revision and phylogeny of the bee genus Paratetrapedia Moure, with description of a new genus from the Andean Cordillera (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Tapinotaspidini), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (2), pp. 351-442 : 381-384

PARATETRAPEDIA BIFRONS SP. NOV.

( FIGS 45, 71 , 92, 123, 159, 160 )

Comments and diagnosis: Paratetrapedia bifrons is easily identified by its conspicuously biconvex frons, whose mid line is strongly sulcated ( Fig. 45). Paratetrapedia bifrons has some characters of the bicolor group: lamella of pronotal collar thinly acute; male S2–S3 with row of continuous setae adjacent to margin; male T6 with margins entirely glabrous; male hind basitarsus without tooth on anterior margin; male S6 without conspicuous rows of stout plumose hairs on margin laterally. It differs from the remaining species in the group mainly by the biconvex frons ( Fig. 45), mesoscutum completely black, without yellow stripes, and female metapostnotum with fine punctures intermingled amongst sparse minute punctures (> 2 pd).

Distribution: Costa Rica; Mexico ( Fig. 71 ). Description

Holotype male: Body length: 9.1; maximum head width: 2.8; fore wing length (including tegula): 8.6. Colour. Integument of head, mesosoma and legs mostly black; terga and sterna pale brown. Mandible yellow with apex black; labrum, clypeus and supraclypeal area yellow; paraocular area with wide yellow stripe; disc of frons with one thin yellow stripe along mid line; scape yellow, pedicel and flagellomeres reddish brown ( Fig. 45); wide yellow stripe occupying about the lower three quarters of genal area (about 1.2 ¥ F2 diameter). Mediotarsus and distitarsus orange yellow; tibial spurs white. Wing membrane yellow infumate with orange yellow microtrichia, veins and pterostigma orange yellow. Pubescence. Mostly pale yellow, except tibia and basitarsus with pale brown pubescence. Face mostly glabrous, with sparse short plumose hairs. Scape with simple yellow hairs on inner surface, about 0.2 mm in length. Mesoscutum and scutellum with dense short plumose pale yellow pubescence; metapostnotum with short sparse plumose hairs, about 0.07 mm in length; T4 with marginal hair band occupying almost whole margin; T5 with marginal hair band throughout its margin; T6 with margin completely glabrous; S2–S3 with continuous row of stout erect simple setae adjacent to margin; S6 with simple plumose hairs sparse on margin laterally and apex. Integument sculpture. Clypeus and supraclypeal area mostly smooth, with sparse fine punctures (> 2 pd); frons with sparse coarse punctures (> 2 pd). Mesoscutum with dense fine punctures (<1 pd), intermingled amongst sparse coarse punctures (> 2 pd); metapostnotum with fine punctures, mostly sparse (1–3 pd); lateral margins of metapostnotum with smooth areas; mesepisternum with sparse fine punctures (3 pd), with some coarser punctures on upper portion (1 pd). Structure. Epistomal suture convex, above upper margin of clypeus; frons biconvex with mid line strongly sulcate. Lamella of pronotal collar acute throughout its length. Scutellum disc strongly convex. Head about 1.2¥ broader than long (2.8: 2.3); ratio of lower to upper interocular distance 0.78 (1.1: 1.4); clypeus about 1.7¥ broader than long (1.15: 0.67); scape: length 0.7, maximum width 0.2; length of F1–3: 0.22, 0.17, 0.25; diameter of F2: 0.22.

Paratype female: Body length: 8.5; maximum head width: 3.0; fore wing length (including tegula): 8.5. Colour. Similar to male, except that mandible, labrum, and clypeus completely dark brown; disc of frons with one thin short yellow stripe along mid line. Pubescence. Similar to male, mostly pale yellow and legs with brown pubescence; mesoscutum with dense plumose pale yellow pubescence, intermingled amongst sparse simple erect setae (about two times longer than short plumose hairs); scutellum with pubescence similar to mesoscutum except for simple erect long setae (about 0.3 mm in length); metapostnotum with sparse short plumose hairs (about 0.1 mm in length). T4–T6 with marginal hair band present throughout margin. Integument sculpture. Clypeus with dense coarse punctures on lateral portions and sparse punctures on disc (0.5–2 pd), intermingled amongst sparse minute punctures (2 pd); disc of frons with sparse coarse punctures (> 2 pd); antennal scrobe with dense fine punctures (1 pd). Mesoscutum and scutellum with dense minute punctures (0.5 pd), intermingled amongst sparse coarser punctures (2 pd); metapostnotum with sparse minute punctures (2 pd), intermingled amongst sparse coarse punctures on disc (3 pd); lateral margins of metapostnotum and propodeum with small smooth areas; mesepisternum with coarse punctures, mostly sparse (2 pd). Structure. Similar to male. Lamella of pronotal collar acute throughout its length. Scutellum disc convex, weakly concave on mid line. Head about 1.3¥ broader than long (3.0: 2.3); ratio of lower to upper interocular distance: 0.8 (1.3: 1.6); clypeus about 1.9¥ broader than long (1.25: 0.65); scape: length 0.8, maximum width 0.2; length of F1–F3: 0.24, 0.1, 0.18; diameter of F2: 0.2.

Variation: The colour of the terga varies from black to pale brown. One of the specimens has the marginal hair band occupying about one-quarter of the margin laterally.

Etymology: The species name refers to its biconvex frons.

Type material: Holotype male ( SEMC), ‘ Mexico: San \ Luis Potosi , Xilitla \ 400 m, 7 July 1990 \ R. L. Minckley \ ex., on Malvaceae’ ; paratypes: COSTA RICA: 2 females ( BLCU), ‘Costa Rica Alaj.\ Bijagua , 20 km S\ Upala , 10-29 May \ 1991 FD Parker’ ‘ USDA-ARS Bee- Biol.\ & Syst. Lab. Logan\ Utah , FaunalSurvey \ no. 000 025 903’, 1 female ( BLCU), idem except ‘000 008 184’; MEXICO: 1 male ( MNRJ), ‘ Mexico \ Jacubaya \ 1900\ Barret’ ‘ Tetrapedia \ calcarata \ 1900 Friese det. Cr. ’ ‘N.o 15/850\ Proc.’; 1 male ( BLCU), ‘ Mexico: State of\ Vera Cruz , Fortin \ de las Flores-\ Sumidero’ ‘ Planta de la\ cerveceria, Ing.\ Daniel Rábago Res.\ Elev. 2500–3000 ft. ’ ‘H. V. Weens Jr. \ Coll. 17-V-65’ ‘NativeBeeSurvey\ USDA, Logan , Utah \ BBSL517253 ’ ‘ Paratetrapedia \ ( Paratetrapedia )\ ♂ sp.8\ T Griswold det. 90’; 1 male, ‘ DZUP \ 026620’ ‘ Mex. ’ ‘ Lophopedia \ abdominalis ♂ \ ( Cresson, 1878)\ Det. J.S. Moure, 1992’.

PARATETRAPEDIA CALCARATA ( CRESSON, 1878)

( FIGS 46, 68, 97, 125, 165, 166 )

Tetrapedia calcarata Cresson, 1878: 136 ; lectotype female, designated by Cresson (1916): 113, Mexico (ANSP; examined).

Tetrapedia antennata Friese, 1899: 297 ; lectotype male, designated by Aguiar (2007), Mexico: Veracruz, Orizaba (ZMB, examined).

Tetrapedia calcarata ; Cresson, 1879: 229. Dalla Torre, 1896: 299. Cockerell, 1899: 16. Friese, 1899: 296. Cockerell, 1906: 98. Ducke, 1910b: 369. Cockerell, 1912b: 31. Cockerell, 1919: 211. Schwarz, 1934: 13.

Tetrapedia calcarata Friese [sic]; Lutz & Cockerell, 1920: 562.

Tetrapedia antennata ; Cockerell, 1906: 98. Ducke, 1910b: 369. Friese, 1916: 334. Lutz & Cockerell, 1920: 568. Friese, 1921: 79.

Chalepogenus calcarata ; Cockerell, 1914: 320.

Chalepogenus calcaratus ; Cockerell, 1917: 302. Lutz & Cockerell, 1920: 562.

Chalepogenoides calcaratus ; Michener, 1942: 281.

Paratetrapedia calcarata ; Michener, 1954: 114, figs 65–67 (drawings of S7–S8 and genital capsule of male). Vogel, 1974: 247 [floral record: Ornithocephalus sp. (Orchidaceae) ]. Cane, 1979: 128, fig. 128 (drawing of tibial-femur articulation of hind leg). Heithaus, 1979: 195. Buchmann & Buchmann, 1981: 17, fig. 9 [morphology of oil collector apparatus of fore basitarsus; floral record: Mouriri myrtilioides (Melastomataceae) ]. Cocucci, Sersic & Roig- Alsina, 2000: 69. Michener, 2000: 667, figs 106–2. Smith-Pardo, 2003: 338. Aguiar, 2007: 621. Davies, 2009: 175.

Paratetrapedia calcarata Cresson [sic]; Steiner, 1985: 1540 (floral record: Spachea membranacea (Malpighiaceae) .

Paratetrapedia (Paratetrapedia) calcarata ; Michener & Moure, 1957: 415. Ayala et al., 1996: 461.

Comments and diagnosis: Paratetrapedia calcarata is very similar to P. bicolor , differing only by omaular angle slightly acute on upper third with adjacent surface of mesepisternum weakly concave, mesoscutum disc with thin yellow stripes; axilla yellow dorsally; female with terga mostly smooth (few specimens with some thin reticulate microsculpture on disc of T3–T4); gena of male with yellow stripe along most of eye margin; paraocular area of male with yellow stripe occupying more than the lower half.

Variation: The colour of terga varies between dark brown to brownish yellow. Some specimens lack yellow marks on the frons. Lamella of pronotal collar in some specimens is slightly low on lateral portions, whereas in others it is higher and diverges from the margins of mesoscutum, but in all specimens it is very thinly lamellate and acute. Some females have microsculpture of thin reticulate stripes on disc of T3. The vertical surface of T1 varies from completely smooth to sculptured with dense minute punctures. One specimen from Costa Rica has the scutellum and metanotum completely yellow. Most of specimens have wing membrane brown infumate but the specimens from Venezuela have it orange yellow infumate.

Male. Body length: 7.0–7.8; maximum head width: 2.25–2.35; fore wing length (including tegula): 6.7– 7.8. Female. Body length: 6.8–7.6; maximum head width: 2.6–2.9; fore wing length (including tegula): 7.2–7.9.

Distribution: Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Venezuela ( Fig. 68).

Type material: Tetrapedia calcarata Cresson ; lectotype female (ANSP) designated by Cresson (1916): ‘Mex.’ ‘ Lectotype \ 2380’; paralectotype male (ANSP): ‘Mex’ ‘ Allotype \ 2380’ ‘Calcarata\ Cress.’; paralectotype male: ‘Mex’ ‘ Allotype \ 2380’ ‘Calcarata\ Cress.’.

Tetrapedia antennata Friese ; lectotype male (ZMB): ‘ Mexico \ Ehrenbg. S.’ ‘11700’ ‘ Tetrapedia ♂ \ antennata \ det. Friese 1898\ n.sp.’ ‘co.\ Type’.

Additional material: See Appendix.

PARATETRAPEDIA TESTACEA ( SMITH, 1854)

( FIGS 9, 21 , 25 , 37 , 68, 96, 126, 167, 168 )

Tetrapedia testacea Smith, 1854: 366 ; holotype female, Brazil: Pará (BMNH, examined).

Tetrapedia obtusa Vachal, 1909: 27 ; lectotype female designated by Aguiar (2007), French Guiana: Kourou (MNHP, examined).

Tetrapedia testacea ; Dalla Torre, 1896: 300. Friese, 1899: 297. Ducke, 1901: 55 [floral record: Stachytarpheta sp. (Verbenacaea) ]. Ducke, 1902: 323 [floral record: Psychotria sp. (Rubiaceae) , Pavonia typhalaea (Malvaceae) ]. Friese, 1906: 91 (misidentification, suggested by geographical distribution). Ducke, 1908: 84. Ducke, 1910a: 364. Ducke, 1910b: 98. Friese, 1923: 3. Popov, 1939: 164, figs D–G (drawings of S7–S8 and genital capsule of male).

Tetrapaedia [sic] testacea ; Schrottky, 1902: 554.

Tetrapaedio [sic] testacea ; Schrottky, 1902: 554

Tetrapedia obtusa ; Ducke, 1910b: 98. Cockerell, 1931: 413.

Chalepogenus testaceus ; Cockerell, 1923a: 449.

Chalepogenoides testaceus ; Michener, 1942: 281.

Paratetrapedia (Paratetrapedia) testacea ; Michener & Moure, 1957: 416. Albuquerque & Rego, 1989: 168; Rêgo & Albuquerque, 1989: 185 [floral record: Byrsonima crassifolia (Malpighiaceae) ]. Silveira et al., 2002: 136.

Paratetrapedia testacea ; Moure, 1941: 518. Vogel, 1974: 219 [floral record: Ornithocephalus sp. (Orchidaceae) ]. Shanks, 1986: 2. Cocucci et al., 2000: 69. Rebêlo, Rêgo & Albuquerque, 2003: 273. Aguiar, 2007: 625. Davies, 2009: 175.

Comments and diagnosis: Paratetrapedia testacea is very similar to P. bicolor , being distinct mainly by orange yellow integument and allopatric distribution. The female of P. testacea has T1 with dense minute punctures on vertical surface and microsculpture of fine reticulate lines on terga. Males have the scape conspicuously dilated on lateral surface, margins of T5–T6 with margins completely glabrous, and S6 with setae only on apex, without rows of plumose hairs on lateral margins.

Variation: Some Brazilian specimens from Maranhão, Goiás, and Amazonas lack the tergal microsculpture of fine reticulated lines. Some specimens have microsculpture only on T4 or only on disc of T3 . A few specimens have disc of mesoscutum and central portion of frons partially pale brown .

Male. Body length: 6.5–8.0; maximum head width: 2.2–2.5; fore wing length (including tegula): 7.1–8.1. Female. Body length: 6.0–8.1; maximum head width: 2.3–2.6; fore wing length (including tegula): 7.5–8.0.

Distribution: Brazil: Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Goiás, Maranhão, Pará, Roraima, Tocantins; Guyana; French Guiana; Peru; Suriname ( Fig. 68).

Type material: Tetrapedia testacea Smith ; holotype female (BMNH): ‘Type\ H.T.’ ‘B.M. Type\ Hym.\ 17.B.895’ ‘ Tetrapedia \ testacea Sm. ’ ‘81’ ‘Type F.Sm. Coll.\ 79.22’.

Tetrapedia obtusa Vachal , lectotype female (MNHN): ‘ Juin’ ‘ Guyane Française \ Roches de Kourou \ Coll. Le Moult’ ‘ Tetrap. ♀ \ obtusa \ Vach. ’ ‘ Museum Paris \ Coll. J. Vachal 1911’ ‘ Holotype’.

Additional material: See Appendix.

Figures

Figure 71. Geographical distribution of Paratetrapedia bifrons sp. nov., Paratetrapedia flavescens sp. nov., and Paratetrapedia mexicana sp. nov.

Figures 159–170. Male genital capsule, ventral and dorsal views; 159–160: Paratetrapedia bifrons sp. nov. (Mexico, Veracruz, Fortin de las Flores); 161–162: Paratetrapedia bicolor (Brazil, Espírito Santo, Conceição da Barra); 163–164: Paratetrapedia basilaris sp. nov. (Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus); 165–166: Paratetrapedia calcarata (Costa Rica, Puntarenas); 167–168: Paratetrapedia testacea (Brazil, Pará, Óbidos); 169–170: Paratetrapedia leucostoma (Brazil, Maranhão, São Luís); scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Figures 18–23. Figs 18–21. Lateral portion of pronotal collar, dorsal view; 18: Paratetrapedia flaveola sp. nov.; female; 19: Paratetrapedia lineata, female; 20: Paratetrapedia duckei, male; 21: Paratetrapedia testacea, male; scale bar = 0.2 mm. Figs 22–23. Lateral portion of metapostnotum, female; 22: P. lineata; 23: P. flaveola sp. nov.; scale bar = 0.25 mm.

Figures 24–29. Metasoma, ventral view, male; 24: Paratetrapedia volatilis; 25: Paratetrapedia testacea; 26: Paratetrapedia punctata sp. nov.; 27: Paratetrapedia lineata; 28: Paratetrapedia flaveola sp. nov.; 29: Paratetrapedia duckei; scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figures 34–41. Figs 34–36. Basitibial plate, female; 34: Tropidopedia nigrita; 35: Paratetrapedia connexa; 36: Lophopedia pygmaea; scale bar = 0.25 mm. Fig. 37. Basitibial plate, male, Paratetrapedia testacea; scale bar = 0.25 mm. Figs 38– 41. Pygidial plate, female; 38: T. nigrita; 39: Arhysoceble dichroopoda; 40: L. pygmaea; 41: Paratetrapedia fervida; scale bar = 0.2 mm.