Conocephalus (Xiphidion) saltator (Saussure, 1859)

Piotr Naskrecki, 2000, Katydids of Costa Rica / Vol. 1, Systematics and bioacoustics of the cone-head katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae sensu lato)., Philadelphia, PA: The Orthopterists Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, : 20-21

Conocephalus (Xiphidion) saltator (Saussure, 1859)

Figs. 1 A-B, 2F, 2K, 39A, 39I, 52A-B, Map 2

1859 Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. [2]11: 208 >> Xiphidium ; type locality: Guyana; type depository: Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland - holotype female

1906 Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth. 2: 276. >> Anisoptera

1912 Karny, Genera Insectorum 135: 9 >> Conocephalus (Xiphidion)

[syn.] brachypterus = 1891 Redtenbacher, Monogr. Conoceph.: 498, 523; type locality: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru; type depository: Natural History Museum, Vienna—lectotype male >> Xiphidium

1906 Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth. 2: 281. >> Anisoptera

1912 Karny, Genera Insectorum 135: 9 >> Conocephalus (Neoxiphidion)

1915b Rehn and Hebard, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 41: 269 >>Syn. of saltator

1980 Pitkin, Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 41: 347 >> Lectotype designated

[syn.] meridionalis = 1875 Scudder, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 17: 460; type locality: Brazil, type depository: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia—holotype female >> Xiphidium

1906 Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth. 2: 281. >> Anisoptera

1912 Karny, Genera Insectorum 135: 9 >> Conocephalus (Neoxiphidion)

1915b Rehn and Hebard, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 41: 269 >>Syn. of saltator

[syn.] propinquus = 1891 Redtenbacher, Monogr. Conoceph.: 498, 522; type locality: St. Vincent, type depository: The Nature History Museum, London >> Xiphidium

1906 Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth. 2: 281. >> Anisoptera

1912 Karny, Genera Insectorum 135: 9 >> Conocephalus (Neoxiphidion)

1915b Rehn and Hebard, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 41: 269 >>Syn. of saltator

1980 Pitkin, Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. 41(5): 347 >> Lectotype designated

[syn.] varipennis = 1905 Swezey, Rep. Exp. Stat. Hawaii 1: 216; type locality: Hawaii, type depository: Honolulu - lectotype male >> Xiphidium

1912 Karny, Genera Insectorum 135: 10 >> Conocephalus (Xiphidion)

1980 Pitkin, Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. 41(5): 347 >>syn. of saltator

Diagnostic description.— General characteristics as described above; most individuals in Costa Rica meso- or brachypterous ( Fig. 1 A) but macropterous individuals often occur within the same populations. Stridulatory file of male 1.34 mm long, with 55 teeth, maximum width of file 57.8 μm ( Fig. 39 I); teeth of file thick, peg-like, more densely arranged at proximal end of file. Left (upper) mirror of stridulatory apparatus as in Fig. 1 B, distinctly longer than eye diameter. Fastigium of vertex as wide as 3/4 of scapus, its sides slightly diverging towards apex. Outer ventral edge of hind femur unarmed or armed with 2-4 minute, black spines. Male cercus as in Fig. 39 A; ovipositor nearly as long as hind femur (ratio ovipositor/ hind femur 0.87-0.90), straight ( Fig. 2 F).

Coloration.— Coloration typical of the genus, light green, with brown stripe on top of head and pronotum; posterior half of abdomen in male reddish-yellow to yellowish-brown, cerci light brown; upper surface of abdomen in females usually brownish, lower surface green.

Measurements.— Table 2 .

Bioacoustics.— Males of C. saltator produce continuous, soft, rattling trains, with individual chirps produced at the rate of 23-24/s (at 27°C) ( Figs. 52 A-B). Most of the energy of the call is allocated between 10 and 16 kHz.

Distribution.— This species is widely distributed in Central and South America, stretching from Guatemala in the north to Río de Janeiro in Brazil. It also occurs in Hawaiian Islands as well as several other Pacific Islands ( Pitkin 1980). In Costa Rica it is rather common throughout the entire country ( Map 2 ).

Material examined.— COSTA RICA: Cartago Prov., 2 mi SE Turrialba (grounds of Inst. Interamer. de Sci. Agricolas), 1 - 3 October 1961 (coll. Hubbell, Cantrall, Cohn) - 5 males, 3 females ( UMMZ); Guanacaste Prov., Estac. Pitilla, 9 km St. Cecilia, elev. 700 m, 15 May 1988 (coll. GNP Biodiversity Survey) - 1 female ( INBio); same locality, elev. 700 m, 15 August 1988 (coll. GNP Biodiversity Survey) - 2 males ( INBio); same locality, elev. 700 m, 15 September 1988 (coll. GNP Biodiversity Survey) - 1 male ( INBio); same locality, elev. 700 m, 15 October 1988 (coll. C. Chaves and M. Espinoza) - 1 male ( INBio); same locality, elev. 700 m, 15 November 1988 (coll. GNP Biodiversity Survey) - 1 male ( INBio); same locality, elev. 700 m, 15 January 1989 (coll. GNP Biodiversity Survey) - 1 female ( INBio); Estac. Pitilla, 9 km S Santa Cecilia, elev. 700 m, 16 August 1997 (coll. C.H.F. Rowell) - 1 female ( PN collection); Finca Taboga (6 mi S and 6 mi W of Las Cañas), elev. 12 - 40 m, 10° 19' N, 89° 9' W, 3 - 5 February 1967 (coll. I.J. Cantrall) - 1 male ( UMMZ); Heredia Prov., Puerto Viejo, La Selva Biological Station, elev. 50 - 150 m, 10° 26' N, 84° 1' W, 13 April - 10 May 1998 (coll. P. Naskrecki) - 9 males, 3 females ( INBio, PN collection); Sarapiquí, 25 October 1960 (coll. E. Morales) - 1 male, 2 females ( UMMZ); Limón Prov., Cerro Tortuguero, Tortuguero N. P., elev. 0 - 120 m, 1 - 30 April 1991 (coll. J. Solano) - 1 male ( INBio); Cuatro Esquinas, P. N. Tortuguero, elev. 0 m, 15 April 1989 (coll.

R. Aguilar and J. Solano) - 1 male ( INBio); Estac. Hitoy- Cerere Res. Biol. Hitoy Cerere, Río Cerere, elev. 100 m, 15 June 1991 (coll. A. Moreno) - 1 male ( INBio); same locality, elev. 100 m, 15 July 1991 (coll. G. Carballo) - 1 female ( INBio); same locality, elev. 100 m, 15 July 1991 (coll. A. Moreno) - 1 male ( INBio); Los Diamantes (1 km E of Guápiles), 26 - 27 January 1967 (coll. I.J. Cantrall) - 6 males, 1 female ( UMMZ); Puerto Limón, 7 July 1966 (coll. T.H. Hubbell) - 2 males ( UMMZ); Puntarenas Prov., 4 km NW of San Vito de Java (jct. of road and Río Java), elev. 910 m, 20 January 1967 (coll. I.J. Cantrall) - 15 males ( UMMZ); AC. Osa, Bosque Esquinas , elev. 200 m, 15 June 1994 (coll. M. Segura) - 1 male ( INBio); Cañas Gordas (Finca Loma Linda), elev. 1170 m, 7 June 1964 (coll. C.F. Walker and J.M. Savage) - 4 males, 1 female ( UMMZ); Estac. San Miguel, Send. El Mirador, elev. 100 m, 29 September - 1 October 1997 (coll. F. Alvarado) - 1 male ( INBio); Finca Cafrosa, Estac. Las Mellizas, P.N. Amistad, elev. 1300 m, 15 April 1989 (coll. M. Ramirez and G. Mora) - 2 males ( INBio); Osa Peninsula, 5 mi. SW Rincón, elev. 30 m, 11 November 1964 (coll. T.F. Hubbell) - 3 males ( UMMZ); Osa Peninsula, Rincón, elev. 75 - 240 m, 9 November 1964 (coll. T.F. Hubbell) - 7 males ( UMMZ); Rancho Quemado, Pen. Osa, 1 November 1990 (coll. B.Apu) - 1 male ( INBio); Rancho Quemado Península de Osa, elev. 200 m, 15 October 1990 (coll. F. Quesada) - 1 male, 1 female ( INBio); Rincón, Osa Peninsula, 25 - 27 July 1966 (coll. C.F. Walker) - 1 male ( UMMZ); Valle de Coto Brus, Las Cruces, Wilson Botanical Gardens, elev. 700 - 1000 m, 1 - 6 December 1995 (coll. P. Naskrecki) - 1 female ( PN collection).

Figures

FIG. 1. Costa Rican Conocephalus spp. A. C. saltator - habitus; B-F: male pronotum, dorsal view. B. C. saltator, C. C. angustifrons, D. C. ictus, E. C. cinereus, F. C. magdalenae.

FIG. 2. Costa Rican Conocephalus spp. A. C. cinereus - habitus; B-F: ovipositors. B. C. magdalenae, C. C. cinereus, D. C. ictus, E. C. angustifrons, F. C. saltator; G-K: titillators. G. C. magdalenae, H. C. cinereus, I. C. ictus, J. C. angustifrons, K. C. saltator

FIG. 39. Cerci and stridulatory files of species of Conocephalus. A-H. male left cerci, dorsal views: A. C. saltator, B. C. angustifrons, C. C. magdalenae, D. C. fasciatus, E. C. ictus, F. C. cinereus, G. C. spinosus, H. C. cf. spinosus; I-J. male stridulatory files: I. C. saltator, J. C. angustifrons.

FIG. 52. Oscillograms of male airborne calls of Costa Rican species of Conocephalus. A. C. saltator, B. ditto, 0.5 s fragment, C. C. angustifrons, D. ditto, 0.5 s fragment, E. C. cinereus, F. ditto, 0.5 s fragment, continuous part, G. ditto, 0.5 s fragment, slow part.

MAPS 1 - 6. Distribution of species of Conocephalinae s. l. in Costa Rica. 1. Conocephalus angustifrons, C. cinereus, 2. Conocephalus saltator, C. ictus, 3. Conocephalus magdalenae, Orchelimum fraternum, Lipotactomimus rowelli, 4. Lirometopum coronatum, Acantheremus colwelli, 5. Copiphora rhinoceros, C. cochleata, C. brevicauda costaricensis, 6. Copiphora hastata, C. cultricornis, C. ottei.

Tables

TABLE 2. Body measurements of Costa Rican species of Conocephalus (all measurements are lengths in mm: range, mean ± SD)

Species	Body with wings	Tegmen	Pronotum	Hind femur	Ovipositor
angustifrons male female	13.4-14.9, 14±0.6 16.1-16.1, 16.1±0	7.7-9.4, 8.3±0.8 8.5-9.1, 8.8±0.4	3-3.5, 3.2±0.2 3.4-3.4, 3.4±0	12.4-14.2, 13.3±0.7 14.5-15, 14.8±0.4	na 9.3-10.3, 9.8±.7
cinereus male female	15.9-26.5, 22.4±3.5 21.7-27.4, 24.8±2.9	11.3-19.8, 16.6±2.8 17.4-19.5, 18.1±1.2	2.8-3.4, 3±0.2 3-3.4, 3.2±0.2	10.4-13.1, 11.8±0.9 12.6-14, 13.2±0.7	na 9.6-12.2, 10.5±1.4
ictus male female	12.2-26.9, 16±5.1 13.9-29.4, 19.9±8.3	6.6-17.4, 8.9±3.9 5.5-19.6, 11.6±7.3	3-3.9, 3.5±0.4 3.4-4.1, 3.8±0.4	10.7-14.4, 12.7±1.6 12.8-15.2, 14.2±1.2	na 10.1-13.2, 12.1±1.7
saltator male female	13.9-27.7, 18.5±5.6 14-29.8, 21.9±8.5	6.5-22.6, 10.9±7 3.9-24.4, 14.2±11.1	2.9-3.7, 3.3±0.3 3.2-3.5, 3.4±0.1	12.6-14.7, 13.7±0.8 12.2-15, 14.1±1.3	na 11-13.3, 12.5±1.1
magdalenae male female	26.6-29.8, 28.1±1.6 26.9-31.8, 29.3±1.6	18.4-21.3, 20±1.5 18.4-22.7, 20.8±1.5	4-4.2, 4.1±0.1 3.9-4.4, 4.1±0.2	14.7-15.1, 14.9±0.3 14.9-17.5, 15.7±0.9	na 8.7-10, 9.5±0.5