Copiphora hastata Naskrecki

Piotr Naskrecki, 2000, Katydids of Costa Rica / Vol. 1, Systematics and bioacoustics of the cone-head katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae sensu lato)., Philadelphia, PA: The Orthopterists Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, : 40-41

Copiphora hastata Naskrecki , sp. n.

Common name: Brown-faced spear bearer

Figs. 7 A-E, 36E, 42C, 55D-E, Map 6

Type locality: Costa Rica: Heredia Prov., La Selva

Biological Station; type depository: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia – holotype male

Diagnostic description.— Body large, with wings in both sexes extending well beyond apex of abdomen ( Figs. 7 A, 36E). Fastigium of vertex forming large horn, somewhat flattened laterally, especially in its apical part, fastigium always slightly dilated subapically, about 3 times as long as eye diameter; dorsal part of fastigium strongly granulose ( Fig. 7 C). Face convex; genal carinae of head well developed, granulose. Pronotum smooth, flat dorsally; anterior dorsal margin straight, posterior margin weakly convex; lateral lobe of pronotum about 1.6 times longer than high. Male stridulatory file weakly curved, 3.2 mm long, 275 μm wide, with 147 teeth; teeth in proximal half of file wider, thinner and more densely arranged, transition between two types sudden ( Fig. 42 C); mirror approximately oval; small, parallel vein next to AA 1 present.

Ventral spines of femora relatively short and thin, green; all genicular lobes armed with sharp spines, sometimes spine on anterior lobes of fore femur obtuse. Male cercus thick, blunt, and somewhat incurved, slightly thicker at midlength than at base; ventral, subapical spine of cercus long, thin and pointed; apex of cercus with sharply triangular lobe underneath ( Fig. 7 D). Male subgenital plate narrowed toward apex, apex straight; styli short, about 2.5 times as long as wide. Female subgenital plate approximately triangular, with distinct, triangular apical incision. Ovipositor extremely long, straight, more than 3 times as long as hind femur (ratio ovipositor/hind femur 3.3-3.5) ( Fig. 7 ).

Coloration.— General coloration light green ( Fig. 36 E). Fastigium of vertex yellowish-brown; face with large, oval, brown spot covering most of the frons, upper portion of the clypeus, and mandibles ( Fig. 7 B); remainder of head yellow. Pronotum green, with two dark brown to dark olive green stripes along lateral dorsal edges of pronotum. Tegmina green, never mottled with dots; edges of tegmina, especially in their apical portions, red; male stridulatory file usually green; legs green, with green femoral spines. Abdomen green.

Measurements.— Table 4 .

Bioacoustics.— Copiphora hastata has a call similar to that of C. cultricornis , although the series of chirps are shorter and the intervals between individual chirps are much shorter. Also, each chirp consists of a much higher number of pulses than that of C. cultricornis . Individual series of chirps last about 3.5 s and are separated by several seconds to several minutes of silence ( Fig. 55 D). Each chirp lasts 153.2 - 241.5 ms and their length increases towards the end of the series. The chirps consist of 5 - 14 pulses, and the amplitude increases towards the end of each pulse ( Fig. 55 E). Most of the energy of the call is allocated between 8.6 and 11.6 kHz.

Typical of the genus, the airborne signals of C. hastata are accompanied by substrate tremulations. They are produced both in the absence of the female as well as after the female approaches the male. The substrate signals are similar to those observed in other species of Copiphora , and consist of rapid, shaking movements of the entire body, and unlike Lirometopum coronatum , lack any percussive behavior. Tremulations are produced in series of bouts at 26 Hz. After the initial contact with the female, the male almost entirely ceases to produce airborne signals and switches to tremulations. Females respond with nearly identical tremulations but of much lower amplitude.

Remarks.— This new species is widely distributed in Costa Rica, with the exception of the southern portion of Puntarenas Prov., where it is replaced by the closely related C. cultricornis ( Map 6 ). It has also been collected in Nicaragua.

C. hastata can be easily identified among Costa Rican members of the genus by the presence of a dark brown patch covering most of the face, and the shape of the fastigium of vertex. Females of this new species as well as those of C. cultricornis have consistently the longest ovipositors among all Copiphora spp. in Costa Rica (and, in fact, all Tettigoniidae ). From the closely related C. cultricornis it differs in the coloration of the face (yellow in C. cultricornis ) and tegmina (posterior edges of tegmina reddish in C. hastata , green in C. cultricornis ), shape of the fastigium of vertex (distinctly longer and more flattened laterally in C. cultricornis ), characteristics of the male’s stridulatory file (file with more teeth in C. cultricornis ) as well as the characteristics of the male’s call ( Figs. 55 D-E). Tremulations of these two species, however, are virtually identical, suggesting that they play little or no role in species recognition.

Material examined.— COSTA RICA: Alajuela Prov., 2 km S Pital, 5 - 28 September 1988 (coll. F.D. Parker) - 1 male, 1 female (paratypes) ( EMUS); Estac. San Ramón Oeste, elev. 620 m, 19 April 1994 (coll. F. Quesada) - 1 female (paratype) ( INBio); Zona Protectora de Arenal, Pocosol, 10 - 16 February 1994 (coll. P. Naskrecki) - 1 nymph ( PN collection); Cartago Prov., Monumento Nacional Guayabo, A.C.A.C. Amistad, 15 July 1994 (coll. G. Fonseca) - 1 female (paratype) ( INBio); Turrialba, 4 June 1951 (coll. O.L. Cartwright) - 1 female (paratype) ( PN collection); same locality, 5 June 1951 (coll. O.L. Cartwright) - 1 female (paratype) ( PN collection); Guanacaste Prov., 2 km N Colonia Blanca, P. N. Rincón de la Vieja, elev. 800 m, 28 June 1992 (coll. III curso Parataxon.) - 1 male (paratype) ( INBio); 14 km S Cañas, 15 - 20 October 1990 (coll. F.D. Parker) - 1 male (paratype) ( EMUS); Estac. Cacao, 2 km SW del Cerro Cacao, elev. 1000 - 1400 m, 12 - 17 February 1995 (coll. S. Avila) - 1 male (paratype) ( INBio); Estac. Cacao, Lado suroeste del Volcán Cacao, P.N. Guanacaste, elev. 1000 - 1400 m, 15 June 1990 (coll. II curso Parataxon) - 1 female (paratype) ( INBio); Estac. Maritza, lado O Vol. Orosí, elev. 600 m, 10 March 1992 (coll. K. Taylor) - 1 female (paratype) ( INBio); Estac. Pitilla, 9 km S. Santa Cecilia, elev. 700 m, 18 - 23 July 1993 (coll. C. Moraga) - 1 female (paratype) ( INBio); same locality, 15 May 1994 (coll. C. Moraga) - 1 female (paratype) ( INBio); Estac. Pitilla, 9 km St. Cecilia, elev. 700 m, 15 July 1988 (coll. GNP Biodiversity Survey) - 1 male (paratype) ( INBio); same locality, 15 August 1988 (coll. GNP Biodiversity Survey) - 1 nymph ( INBio); same locality, 15 June 1989 (coll. GNP Biodiversity Survey) - 1 male (paratype) ( INBio); same locality, 18 August 1993 (coll. P. Rios) - 1 female (paratype) ( INBio); same locality, 1 - 30 June 1996 (coll. P. Rios) - 1 female (paratype) ( INBio); Estac Cacao, SW side Volcán Cacao, elev. 1000 - 1400 m, 1 December 1989 (coll. R. Blanco and C. Chávez) - 1 female (paratype) ( INBio); Estac. Mengo, SW side Volcán Cacao, elev. 1100 m, 15 February 1989 (coll. GNP Biodiversity Survey) - 1 female (paratype) ( INBio); Estac. Pitilla, 9 km S Santa Cecilia, elev. 700 m, 15 March 1989 (coll. GNP Biodiversity Survey) - 1 nymph ( INBio); Finca Pasmompa Estación Pitilla, 5 km SW Santa Cecilia, elev. 400 m, 15 May 1989 (coll. GNP Biodiversity Survey) - 1 female (paratype) ( INBio); Heredia Prov., Braulio Carillo N. P., Estac. El Ceibo, elev. 400 - 600 m, 15 November 1989 (coll. R. Aguilar and M. Zumbado) - 1 male (paratype) ( INBio); Estac. Magsasay, P. N. Braulio Carillo, elev. 200 m, 15 November 1990 (coll. M.A. Zumbado) - 1 male (paratype) ( INBio); same locality, elev. 200 m, 15 May 1991 (coll. M.A. Zumbado) - 1 female (paratype) ( INBio); same locality, elev. 200 m, 15 July 1991 (coll. A. Fernández) - 1 male (paratype) ( INBio); Finca La Selva (on Río Puerto Viejo just above jct. with Río Sarapiquí), 3 August 1962 (coll. C.F. Walker) - 1 female (paratype) ( UMMZ); La Selva, 1 July - 31 August 1991 (coll. J. Doubles) - 1 male (paratype) ( UMMZ); Puerto Viejo, La Selva Biological Station, elev. 50 - 150 m, 10° 26' N, 84° 1' W, 1 March 1992 (coll. S. Cunningham) - 1 male (paratype) ( PN collection); same locality, 15 March 1994 (coll. P. Naskrecki) - 3 females (paratypes) ( PN collection); same locality, 1 - 4 April 1994 (coll. P. Naskrecki) - 4 males, 1 female (holotype male, allotype female, paratypes) ( ANSP); same locality, 7 - 10 December 1995 (coll. P.

Naskrecki) - 1 female (paratype) ( PN collection); Limón Prov., Cuatro Esquinas, P. N. Tortuguero, elev. 0 m, 15 April 1989 (coll. R. Aguilar and J. Solano) - 1 female (paratype) ( INBio); Cuatro Esquinas, Tortuguero N. P., 15 September 1989 (coll. J. Solano) - 1 male, 1 female (paratypes) ( INBio); same locality, 15 November 1989 (coll. J. Solano) - 1 female (paratype) ( INBio); Estac. Cuatro Esquinas, Tortuguero N. P., 15 June 1990 (coll. E. Quesada) - 1 female (paratype) ( INBio); same locality, elev. 0 - 120 m, 16 July 1990 (coll. E. Quesada) - 1 male (paratype), 2 nymphs ( INBio); Estac. Hitoy-Cerere Res. Biol. Hitoy Cerere, Río Cerere, elev. 200 m, 15 September 1990 (coll. G. Carballo) - 1 male (paratype) ( INBio); same locality, elev. 100 m, 15 June 1991 (coll. G. Carballo) - 1 nymph ( INBio); same locality, elev. 100 m, 15 June 1992 (coll. G. Carballo) - 2 females (paratypes) ( INBio); same locality, elev. 100 m, 15 July 1992 (coll. G. Carballo) - 2 females (paratypes) ( INBio); Hamburg Farm, (coll. C.W. Dodge) - 1 female (paratype) ( MCZC); same locality, (coll. C.W. Dodge) - 1 male (paratype) ( MCZC); Manzanillo, RNFS Gandoca y Manzanillo, elev. 0 - 100 m, 13 October 1992 (coll. K. Taylor) - 1 female (paratype) ( INBio); NICA- RAGUA: Zelaya el Recreo, 1 - 31 October 1984 (coll. Foret) - 1 male, 2 females (paratypes) ( MNHN).

Figures

FIG. 7. Copiphora hastata. A. male - habitus, B. male face, C. male head and pronotum, dorsal view, D. titillators, posterior view (everted), E. male cerci, posterior view, F. male cerci, dorsal view.

FIG. 36. Costa Rican species of Conocephalinae s. l. A. Conocephalus angustifrons - male, B. Caulopsis cuspidata - female, C. Acantheremus colwelli - male, D. Vestria punctata - male and female, in copula, E. Copiphora hastata - male, F. Podacanthophorus vargasi - female, G. Copiphora rhinoceros - male eating a snail, H. Subria sylvestris - male, brown form.

FIG. 42. Stridulatory files of species of Lirometopum and Copiphora. A. L. coronatum, B. C. cultricornis, C. C. hastata, D. C. brevicauda brevicauda, E. C. brevicauda costaricensis, F. C. ottei.

FIG. 55. Oscillograms of male airborne calls and substrate tremulations of Costa Rican species of Conocephalinae s. l. A. Copiphora cultricornis, airborne call, B. ditto, 0.5 s fragment, C. ditto, substrate tremulations, D. Copiphora hastata, E. ditto, 0.5 s fragment, F. Copiphora brevicauda costaricensis, G. ditto, 0.5 s fragment.

MAPS 1 - 6. Distribution of species of Conocephalinae s. l. in Costa Rica. 1. Conocephalus angustifrons, C. cinereus, 2. Conocephalus saltator, C. ictus, 3. Conocephalus magdalenae, Orchelimum fraternum, Lipotactomimus rowelli, 4. Lirometopum coronatum, Acantheremus colwelli, 5. Copiphora rhinoceros, C. cochleata, C. brevicauda costaricensis, 6. Copiphora hastata, C. cultricornis, C. ottei.