Dryocosmus hualieni Schweger & Tang, 2016

Tang, Chang-Ti, Miko, Istvan, Nicholls, James A., Schweger, Szabina, Yang, Man-Miao, Stone, Graham N., Sinclair, Frazer, Bozso, Miklos, Melika, George & Penzes, Zsolt, 2016, New Dryocosmus Giraud species associated with Cyclobalanopsis and non- Quercus host plants from the Eastern Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini), Journal of Hymenoptera Research 53, pp. 77-162 : 112-118

Dryocosmus hualieni Schweger & Tang sp. n. Figures 77-83 , 84-87 , 88-90

Type material.

Holotype female: TAIWAN, Hualien Co., 152K , Central-Cross Island Highway, Xiulin township, ex twig swellings on Quercus glauca (spTWs2); 24.204171N, 121.443636E, 1162m, gall collected 14.II.2012 (TWT546), adult emerged 1.V.2012, leg. Chang-Ti Tang. 6 female PARATYPES: TAIWAN, Hualien Co., 152K , Central-Cross Island Highway, Xiulin township, ex twig swellings on Quercus glauca (spTWs2); 24.204171N, 121.443636E, 1162m, gall collected 14.II.2012 (TWT546), adult cut out 28.IX.2012, leg. Chang-Ti Tang.

The holotype female, 2 female paratypes are deposited in NMNS, 2 female paratypes in PHMB, 1 female paratype in USNM and 1 female paratype in NCHU.

Etymology.

Named after Hualien County, Taiwan where the species was collected.

Diagnosis.

Asexual females of Dryocosmus hualieni resemble the asexual females of Dryocosmus taitungensis and the sexual females of Dryocosmus konradi . All three species are known from Taiwan only and are associated with Cyclobalanopsis species. Dryocosmus hualieni and Dryocosmus taitungensis induce stem swelling-like galls, while Dryocosmus konradi induces bud galls.

In Dryocosmus hualieni and Dryocosmus konradi the second metasomal tergite has multiple setae laterally (Fig. 87 ), while in Dryocosmus taitungensis the second metasomal tergite has only few setae laterally (Fig. 171 ). In Dryocosmus konradi : the bottom of scutellar foveae without rugae (Fig. 100 ); the female F1 / F2 = 1; female F1 / pedicel = 2.7; placoid sensilla are present on F1-F12 (Fig. 97 ).

Dryocosmus hualieni : the bottom of scutellar foveae with numerous longitudinal rugae (Fig. 83 ); female F1 / F2<1; the female F1 / pedicel = 1.6; placoid sensilla are present on F2-F12 (Fig. 81 ); the frons is alutaceous; the acetabular sulcus absent, the speculum is without striae (Fig. 84 ), the mesoscutellum rounded, anterior part without rugae, glabrous (Fig. 83 ).

Dryocosmus taitungensis : the frons is coriaceous, with numerous transverse striae above toruli; the acetabular carina present; the speculum with striae (Fig. 166 ); the mesoscutellum trapezoid, uniformly rugose, matt (Fig. 167 ).

Description.

Asexual female: Head color: black, except lighter clypeus, central part of lower face and area around toruli; mandibles, maxillary and labial palps yellowish; scape and pedicel yellow, flagellomeres progressively darker. Mesosoma and metasoma color: dark brown to black, except for lighter tegula, propleuron, propodeum; legs yellowish.

Head sculpture: coriaceous. Head shape anterior view: rounded. Head width / head length: 2.10. Head width / head height: 1.30. Head width / maximum mesosoma width: <1. Gena sculpture: coriaceous. Gena reflectivity: NOT CODED. Gena length / eye width: 0.50. Gena shape: broadened posterior to eye, visible in frontal view. Malar striae count: present. Malar striae dorsal limit: torulus-eye line on lower face and lower eye margin on malar area. Malar area: alutaceous. Malar sulcus: absent. Eye height / malar distance: 2.77. Inner margins of eyes: converging ventrally. Median ocellus shape: NOT CODED. Lateral ocellus shape: NOT CODED. POL / OOL: 1.05. OOL / diameter of lateral ocellus: 1.80. OOL / LOL: 1.90. Diameter of lateral ocellus / diameter of median ocellus: >1. Transfacial distance / eye height: 1.20. Diameter of torulus / intertorular distance: 1.40. Intertorular distance / eye torulus distance: NOT CODED. Eye-torulus distance / diameter of torulus: 1.50. Lower face sculpture: coriaceous. Lower face pilosity color: white. Lower face pilosity density: dense. Clypeus convexity: flat. Clypeus sculpture: smooth. Clypeus ventral margin shape: straight. Clypeus reflectivity: NOT CODED. Clypeus shape anterior view: rectangular. Clypeus pilosity: NOT CODED. Clypeus pilosity density: NOT CODED. Clypeus pilosity color: NOT CODED. Anterior tentorial pit: large, distinct. Epistomal sulcus: distinct. Clypeo-pleurostomal line: distinct. Frons sculpture: alutaceous. Frons pilosity density: NOT CODED. Frons reflectivity: matt. Frons pilosity color: NOT CODED. Impression around central ocellus: present. Interocellar area sculpture: coriaceous. Interocellar area pilosity density: rare. Interocellar area reflectivity: NOT CODED. Interocellar area pilosity color: white. Vertex sculpture: coriaceous. Vertex pilosity density: rare. Vertex reflectivity: NOT CODED. Vertex pilosity color: white. Occiput sculpture: coriaceous. Occiput pilosity density: rare. Occiput reflectivity: NOT CODED. Occiput pilosity color: white. Postocciput sculpture: coriaceous. Postocciput reflectivity: matt. Postocciput pilosity: present. Postocciput pilosity density: rare. Postocciput pilosity color: white. Median impression of postocciput dorsal to occipital foramen: present. Posterior tentorial pit: distinct, ovate, deep. Impression abjacent ventrally to posterior tentorial pit: present. Postgena sculpture: alutaceous with some sub-parallel delicate longitudinal wrinkles. Postgena reflectivity: glossy. Postgena pilosity color: white. Postgena pilosity density: rare. Postgena pilosity count: absent medially, present laterally. Postgenal bridge / height of occipital foramen: <1. Postgenal bridge / length of oral foramen: <1. Postgenal bridge sculpture: NOT CODED. Number of flagellomeres (female): 12. Antenna length / body length: <1. Pedicel length / pedicel width: <1.0. Pedicel length / length of broadened part of scape: NOT CODED. Combined length of scape and pedicel / first flagellomere length: NOT CODED. F1 length / F2 length: 0.75. F1 length / pedicel length: 1.6. F1 length / F3 length: NOT CODED. Flagellomeres relative length: F3>F4>F5>F6>F7>F8>F9>F10>F11. F4-F7 relative length: NOT CODED. F3 length/F2 length: NOT CODED. F3 length / F4 length: NOT CODED. F8 length / F7 length: NOT CODED. F9 length /F8 length: NOT CODED. F10 length / F9 length: NOT CODED. F9-F11 relative length: NOT CODED. F10 length / F11 length: NOT CODED. F12 length / F11 length: 1.6. F13 length / F12 length: NOT CODED. Placoid sensilla present on: F2-F12.

Mesosoma length lateral view / mesosoma height lateral view: 1.16. Pronotum sculpture: alutaceous medially, smooth laterally, with some rugae laterally. Pronotal dorsal row of setae count: present. Transverse pronotal sulcus depth: deep. Transverse pronotal sulcus sculpture: foevolate. Mesoscutum sculpture: smooth. Mesoscutum reflectivity: glossy. Adnotaular setae: present. Mesoscutum length / transscutal line: 1. Notaulus limits: well-impressed, posterior end adjacent to posterior margin of mesoscutum, anterior end adjacent to anterior margin of mesoscutum. Notaulus sculpture: NOT CODED. Notaulus posterior region width / anterior region width: 1.00. Mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus anterior end vs notaulus anterior end: adjacent. Mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus sculpture: NOT CODED. Median mesoscutal line: absent. Median mesoscutal line shape: NOT CODED. Parapsidal line: absent. Parapsidal line distinctness: NOT CODED. Anteroadmedian line: absent. Antero-admedian line length / mesoscutum median length: NOT CODED. Dorsomedian area of mesoscutellar-axillar complex (disc of mesoscutellum+axillar foveae): smooth anteromedially, rugose posteromedially, foveolate laterally and posteriorly. Dorsomedian area of mesoscutellar-axillar complex (disc of mesoscutellum+axillar foveae) shape: trapezoid. Dorsomedian area of mesoscutellar-axillar complex (disc of mesoscutellum+axillar foveae) pilosity color: white. Dorsomedian area of mesoscutellar-axillar complex (disc of mesoscutellum+axillar foveae) pilosity density: rare. Mesoscutellar axillar complex posterior margin vs metanotum: overhanging. Mesoscutellar-axillar complex length / mesoscutellar disc width: >1. Disc of mesoscutellum sculpture: smooth. Disc of mesoscutellum maximum width: in posterior 1/3. Scutellar fovea sculpture: smooth with longitudinal, parallel rugae. Scutellar fovea shape: semilunar. Scutellar fovea reflectivity: glossy. Foveal septum: narrow. Anterior pits on foveal septum: NOT CODED. Scutellar fovea maximum diameter / scutellar fovea minimum diameter: 1.8. Scutellar fovea minimum diameter / foveal septum width: NOT CODED. Postacetabular suclus count: absent. Mesopleuron sculpture: smooth transepisternal line is marked by few delicate sulci, area dorsal to transepisternal line smooth except few short transverse anterior striae. Mesopleuron reflectivity: glossy. Mesopleuron pilosity: glabrous. Speculum sculpture: smooth. Speculum reflectivity: glossy. Mesopleural triangle sculpture: smooth. Mesopleural triangle reflectivity: glossy. Mesopleural triangle pilosity: present. Mesopleural triangle pilosity color: white. Mesopleural trinagle pilosity density: rare. Dorsoaxillar area sculpture: alutaceous with few rugae. Dorsoaxillar area reflectivity: NOT CODED. Dorsoaxillar area pilosity color: NOT CODED. Dorsoaxillar area pilosity density: NOT CODED. Lateroaxillar area sculpture: alutaceous with few rugae. Lateroaxillar area reflectivity: NOT CODED. Lateroaxillar area pilosity density: NOT CODED. Lateroaxillar area pilosity color: NOT CODED. Subaxillular bar sculpture: smooth. Subaxillular bar reflectivity: glossy. Posterior height of subaxillular bar / height of metanotal trough: 1. Metapleural sulcus anterior end: reaches mesometapleural suture in its mid-height. . Metascutellum sculpture: coriaceous. Metanotal trough sculpture: smooth. Metanotal trough reflectivity: glossy. Metanotal trough pilosity: present. Metanotal trough pilosity density: rare. Ventral impressed area of metanotum sculpture: smooth with some striae. Metascutellum height / ventral impressed area of metanotum height: NOT CODED. Central propodeal area sculpture: smooth, with two distinct submedial longitudinal rugae. Central propodeal area reflectivity: glossy. Lateral propodeal carina shape: broad, high, lyre-shaped. Lateral propodeal area sculpture: smooth with irregular rugae. Lateral propodeal area pilosity: present. Lateral propodeal area pilosity color: NOT CODED. Lateral propodeal area pilosity density: NOT CODED. Nucha sculpture: with delicate longitudinal rugae dorsally and laterally. Radial cell length / radial cell width: 5. Rs+M vs basalis: reaches basalis in lower half of its height. Rs+M color: dark brown. Areolet: absent. Marginal cilia: long. Rs distal end vs wing margin: adjacent to wing margin. R1 distal end vs wing margin: adjacent to wing margin. Basal lobe on metatarsal claw: absent. Basal lobe on tarsal claw shape: NOT CODED.

Metasoma length / head+mesosoma length: <1. Metasoma lateral height / metasoma lateral length: <1. 2nd metasomal tergite length dorsal view / length of metasoma dorsal view: 1/2. Second metasomal tergite pilosity: present mediolaterally. Second metasomal tergite sculpture: smooth. Second metasomal tergite reflectivity: NOT CODED. Second metasomal tergite pilosity density: rare. Metasomal tergites 3-6 sculpture: smooth, no micropunctures. Metasomal tergites 3-6 reflectivity: glossy. Metasomal tergites 3-6 pilosity: absent. Prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium length ventral view / Prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium width ventral view: NOT CODED. Hypopygial setae apical end: extending beyond posterior end of ventral spine of hypopygium.

Body length: 2.30-2.50 mm (n=6).

Gall (Figs 89-90 ): The gall is a multilocular stem swelling, similar to the asexual galls of Dryocosmus taitungensis . The gall is dehiscent when mature, larval cells drop off from the gall (stem swelling) during the winter and they overwinter in the leaf litter. The mature gall is 3.78-5.38 cm in length, and 1.05-1.28 cm in width (n=2). The larval cell is oblong, 4.78-5.68 mm long, and 1.74-2.13 mm wide (n=5).

Biology.

The gall maturation in late autumn and the emergence of adults in spring, suggests that the asexual generation is described here. The sexual generation remains unknown. The host-plant is Quercus glauca .

Distribution.

Taiwan: Hualien County, Xiulin Township.

Figures

Figures 77 - 83. Dryocosmus hualieni, female, sp. n. 77 - 80 head: 77 frontal view 78 dorsal view 79 posterior view 80 lateral view. 81 antenna 82 mesosoma, dorsal view 83 mesoscutellum, dorsal view.

Figures 84 - 87. Dryocosmus hualieni, female, sp. n. 84 mesosoma, lateral view 85 pronotum and propleuron, frontal view 86 metascutellum and propodeum, posterior view 87 metasoma, lateral view (tel = transepisternal line).

Figures 88 - 90. Dryocosmus hualieni sp. n. 88 fore wing, female, part. 89 - 90 galls (photos by C. - T. Tang): 89 gall, general view 90 larval chambers.

Figures 169 - 173. Dryocosmus taitungensis sp. n. 169 metascutellum and propodeum, female, posterodorsal view 170 fore wing, female, part 171 metasoma, lateral view 172 - 173 galls (photos by C. - T. Tang).

Figures 99 - 102. Dryocosmus konradi, female, sp. n. 99 - 100 mesosoma: 99 lateral view 100 dorsal view 101 metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view 102 fore wing, part (scf = scutellar fovea).

Figures 91 - 98. Dryocosmus konradi sp. n. 91 - 93 head, female: 91 frontal view 92 dorsal view 93 posterior view 94 - 96 head, male: 94 frontal view 95 dorsal view 96 posterior view 97 - 98 antenna: 97 female 98 male.

Figures 162 - 168. Dryocosmus taitungensis, female, sp. n. 162 - 164 head: 162 frontal view 163 dorsal view 164 posterior view 165 antenna 166 mesosoma, lateral view 167 mesoscutellum, dorsal view 168 mesoscutum, dorsal view (tel = transepisternal line, spe = speculum).