Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758

W. Christopher Wozencraft, 1993, Order Carnivora, Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 279-348 : 332

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.7359191
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7288734
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scientific name	Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758
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Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758 View in CoL . Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:38 View Cited Treatment .

TYPE LOCALITY: "in mari Europaeo" restricted by Thomas (1911a) to "Mari Bothnico et Baltico", however, presently it does not occur in the Gulf of Bothnia (Bobrinski et al., 1944) .

DISTRIBUTION: Kurile Isis and Kamchatka ( Russia); south to Kiangsu ( China); Alaska to Mexico; Greenland and E Canada to NE USA; Iceland; Britain and Europe; Seal Lakes, Ungava Peninsula ( Canada); Iliamna Lake, Alaska ( USA).

STATUS: IUCN - Vulnerable as P. v. stejnegeri .

SYNONYMS: antarcticus Peale, 1848; californica Gray, 1866 ; canina Pallas, 1811 ; concolor DeKay, 1842 ; geronimensis Allen, 1902; insularis Belkin, 1964 ; kurilensis McLaren, 1966 ; linnaei Lesson, 1828 ; littorea Thienemann, 1824 ; mellonae Doutt, 1942; pealii Gill, 1866; pribilofensis Allen, 1902; richardii Gray, 1873 ; scopulicola Thienemann, 1824 ; thienemannii Lesson, 1828 ; variegata Nilsson, 1820 .

COMMENTS: The position of stejnegeri Allen, 1902 , remains uncertain; Scheffer (1958) placed in largha Pallas, 1811 ; J. E. King (1983) placed in vitulina Linnaeus, 1758 ; and Shaughnessy and Fay (1977) suggested incertae sedis.