Ducula shutleri Worthy and Burley, 2020

Steadman, David W. & Takano, Oona M., 2020, A new genus and species of pigeon (Aves, Columbidae) from the Kingdom of Tonga, with an evaluation of hindlimb osteology of columbids from Oceania, Zootaxa 4810 (3), pp. 401-420 : 409-410

Ducula shutleri Worthy and Burley, 2020

Referred Material. Ha`ateiho site, Tongatapu: tarsometatarsus UF 152051 ( Figs. 3 , 4 ) . Mele Havea site, Ha`afeva: coracoid UF 156618 ( Figs. 6 , 7 ) ; scapula UF 156457 ( Fig. 8 ) ; tibiotarsus UF 156405 ; tarsometatarsus UF 156286 ; ungual phalanges UF 156392, 157980 . Tongoleleka site, Lifuka : coracoids UF 158531, BPBM 165692 ( Figs. 6 , 7 ) ; tarsometatarsus UF 158292 .` Anatu ,`Eua: nasal UF 152063 ; scapula UF 151864 ; ulnae UF 152745, 152958 , 152968 ; tarsometatarsus UF 151882 ; ungual phalanx UF 152000 .

Remarks. Ducula shutleri , recently described from archaeological sites in the Vava`u group of Tonga ( Worthy & Burley 2020), belongs to the arboreal pigeon group (which also includes Hemiphaga , Ptilinopus , Drepanoptila , Gymnophaps , Tongoenas , and other species of Ducula ; see below) because of agreeing with them in characters 5–7 of the tibiotarsus, and characters 14–18 of the tarsometatarsus (Table 1). These eight characters collectively exclude D. shutleri from any of the intermediate or terrestrial pigeons. The material agrees in the characters of all five skeletal elements with modern species of Ducula . We refer the 16 specimens (6 skeletal elements) to D. shutleri based on agreement with characters stated in Worthy and Burley (2020), who pointed out that D. shutleri was larger than any congeneric species, living or extinct (Table 2). Ducula shutleri was listed as “ Ducula undescribed sp.” in Steadman (2006a:327, 328, 335).

Geological Age. Holocene and late Pleistocene. All specimens from Tongatapu and the Ha`apai Group are culturally associated and probably date from ~2850 to ~2700 cal BP. As with Tongoenas burleyi , Ducula shutleri became extinct after people colonized Tonga about 2850 cal BP; it is not known from historic (18 th or 19 th century) specimens or observations, and probably died out within a century or two of human arrival. On` Eua, the specimens of D. shutleri from`Anatu are much older: those from Layer II (five specimens) are>2850 cal BP but <60,000 – 80,000 years old; those from Layer III (two specimens) are> 60,000 –80,000 years old.

Figures

FIGURE 3. The tarsometatarsus of selected Papuan-Oceanic columbids in dorsal aspect. A–F. Tongoenas burleyi, new genus and species. A. Holotype, Tongatapu, Tonga, UF 159857. B. Tongatapu, Tonga, UF 159469. C.`Uiha, Tonga, UF 159094. D. Foa, Tonga, UF 156835. E. Lifuka, Tonga, UF 158062. F. Foa, Tonga, UF 156857. G. Caloenas canacorum, Lifuka, Tonga, UF 158508 (reversed image). H–K. Ducula shutleri. H.`Eua, Tonga, UF 152051. I.`Eua, Tonga, UF 151882. J. Lifuka, Tonga, UF 158292. K. Ha`afeva, Tonga, UF 156286. L. Ducula rubricera, Isabel, Solomon Islands, UF 39400. M. Ducula pacifica, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, UF 43151. N. Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae, New Zealand, UF 25548. O. Gymnophaps albertisii, Papua New Guinea, UF 41466. P. Cryptophaps poecilorrhoa, Sulawesi, AMNH 298565 (reversed image). Scale bars = 10 mm.

FIGURE 4. The tarsometatarsus of selected Papuan-Oceanic columbids in plantar aspect. A–F. Tongoenas burleyi, new genus and species. A. Holotype, Tongatapu, Tonga, UF 159857. B. Tongatapu, Tonga, UF 159469. C.`Uiha, Tonga, UF 159094. D. Foa, Tonga, UF 156835. E. Lifuka, Tonga, UF 158062. F. Foa, Tonga, UF 156857. G. Caloenas canacorum, Lifuka, Tonga, UF 158508 (reversed image). H–K. Ducula shutleri. H.`Eua, Tonga, UF 152051. I.`Eua, Tonga, UF 151882. J. Lifuka, Tonga, UF 158292. K. Ha`afeva, Tonga, UF 156286. L. Ducula rubricera, Isabel, Solomon Islands, UF 39400. M. Ducula pacifica, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, UF 43151. N. Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae, New Zealand, UF 25548. O. Gymnophaps albertisii, Papua New Guinea, UF 41466. P. Cryptophaps poecilorrhoa, Sulawesi, AMNH 298565 (reversed image). Scale bars = 10 mm.

FIGURE 6. The coracoid of selected Papuan-Oceanic columbids in dorsal aspect. A. Tongoenas burleyi,`Eua, Tonga, UF 150604. B. Tongoenas burleyi, Lifuka, Tonga, UF 158509. C. Caloenas canacorum, Lifuka, Tonga, BPBM 165678 (reversed image). D. Ducula shutleri, Ha`afeva, Tonga, UF 156618. E. Ducula shutleri, Lifuka, Tonga, UF 158531. F. Ducula shutleri, Lifuka, Tonga, BPBM 165692. G. Ducula rubricera, Isabel, Solomon Islands, UF 39400 (reversed image). H. Ducula pacifica, Tutuila, American Samoa, UF 39857. I. Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae, New Zealand, UF 25548 (PB 34776; reversed image). J. Gymnophaps albertisii, Papua New Guinea, UF 41466 (reversed image). K. Didunculus placopedetes,`Eua, Tonga, UF 152015. L. Didunculus placopedetes, Lifuka, Tonga, UF 157365. M. Gallicolumba nui, Mangaia, Cook Islands, USNM 402842. Scale bars = 10 mm.

FIGURE 7. The coracoid of selected Papuan-Oceanic columbids in ventral aspect. A. Tongoenas burleyi,`Eua, Tonga, UF 150604. B. Tongoenas burleyi, Lifuka, Tonga, UF 158509. C. Caloenas canacorum, Lifuka, Tonga, BPBM 165678 (reversed image). D. Ducula shutleri, Ha`afeva, Tonga, UF 156618. E. Ducula shutleri, Lifuka, Tonga, UF 158531. F. Ducula shutleri, Lifuka, Tonga, BPBM 165692. G. Ducula rubricera, Isabel, Solomon Islands, UF 39400 (reversed image). H. Ducula pacifica, Tutuila, American Samoa, UF 39857. I. Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae, New Zealand, UF 25548 (PB 34776; reversed image). J. Gymnophaps albertisii, Papua New Guinea, UF 41466 (reversed image). K. Didunculus placopedetes,`Eua, Tonga, UF 152015. L. Didunculus placopedetes, Lifuka, Tonga, UF 157365. M. Gallicolumba nui, Mangaia, Cook Islands, USNM 402842. Scale bars = 10 mm.

FIGURE 8. The scapula of selected Papuan-Oceanic columbids. A–C. Tongoenas burleyi. A. Lifuka, Tonga, UF 158735. B. Lifuka, Tonga, UF 158681. C.`Uiha, Tonga, UF 159162 (reversed image). D. Caloenas canacorum, Lifuka, Tonga, UF 157921. E. Ducula shutleri, Ha`afeva, Tonga, UF 156457. F. Ducula rubricera, Isabel, Solomon Islands, UF 39400. G. Ducula pacifica, Tutuila, Samoa, UF 39857. H. Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae, New Zealand, UF 25548. I. Gymnophaps albertisii, Papua New Guinea, UF 41466 (reversed image). J. Didunculus placopedetes, Ha`afeva, UF 156141. Scale bars = 10 mm.