Cteniza sauvagesi Rossi 1788

Decae, Arthur, Mammola, Stefano, Rizzo, Pierluigi & Isaia, Marco, 2019, Systematics, ecology and distribution of the mygalomorph spider genus Cteniza Latreille, 1829 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae), Zootaxa 4550 (4), pp. 499-524 : 505-513

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4550.4.2

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6371FA34-C296-4798-9C05-D52DAE0E8F9F

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5940538

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F4F8796-7110-FF82-FF37-298A5EDFFE9B

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Cteniza sauvagesi Rossi 1788
status

 

Cteniza sauvagesi Rossi 1788 View in CoL

( Figs. 1 View FIGURES 1–2 , 3, 6 View FIGURES 3–8 , 9, 12 View FIGURES 9–14 , 15, 18 View FIGURES 15–20 , 22 View FIGURES 21–24 , 26 View FIGURES 25–28 , 30 View FIGURES 29–32 , 34, 36 View FIGURES 33–36 , 37, 40–46 View FIGURES 37–40 View FIGURES 41–42 View FIGURES 43–44 View FIGURES 45–48 , 49–65 View FIGURES 49–50 View FIGURES 51–54 View FIGURES 55–58 View FIGURES 59–62 View FIGURES 63–65 )

Aranea Sauvagii Rossi 1788: 141 , figs VII–X (female); 1790: 218, plate X fig.11, (female holotype, failure to recover Rossi’s type material led us to consider it to be lost).

Aranea Sauvagesii Latreille 1799: 125 , plate 6, figs 2A–D (short description female probably on material collected by Rossi); 1802: 49; Westwood 1840: 170 (discussion of taxonomic placings).

Mygale Sauvagesii Latreille 1804: 165 , plate LXIII, figs 7–10 (description female and natural history); 1818: 125–126 (ibid.); Dufour 1820: 102, plate 73, fig. 3 (ibid.) new combination.

Mygale sauvagesii Latreille 1806: 84 (bibliography).

Mygale pionière ( M. fodiens ) Walckenaer 1805: 5 new synonymy.

Mygale pionnière ( M. fodiens ) Olivier 1811(Ibid): 86; Lamarck 1818: 107 (ibid.); Walckenaer 1826: 4, plate 2, figs 1–2 (female, figs Mygale de Sauvage ); Latreille 1829: 232 (description female); Dugès & Milne Edwards 1836: 35 (description female, burrow and mygale anatomy); Walckenaer 1837: 237–239 (burrow after Audouin).

Ctenize pionière Latreille 1831: 507 new combination.

Mygale fodiens Griffith 1833: 400 (discussion synonyms); Lucas 1840: 339–343, plate 2, fig. 1 (behavior); Saunders 1842: 160, 163 (note).

Mygalodonte pionnière Simon 1864: 79 –80 (description burrow) new combination.

Mygalodonta fondiens Simon 1864: 453 (list); Canestrini & Pavesi 1868: 22 (list); 1870: 3 (list).

Nemesia fodiens Carruccio 1871: 55 , plate1–3 (first record from Sardinia); Garneri 1902: 64 (list).

Aëpycephalus brevidens Ausserer 1871: 151 (description female after Pachyloscelis brevidens Doleschall undated, unpublished, manuscript); Simon 1892: 95 (ibid.); Wunderlich 1995: 358 new synonymy.

Cteniza sauvagei Ausserer 1871: 152 –153 (description female, indication type species, original designation); Simon 1873: 34– 35 (first description male, nomination type species), plate1,1 and 5; 1892: 70 (note), 95 (short description); 1903: 981 (key).

C. sauvagesi: Simon 1914: 4 View in CoL , figs 1–5 (species diagnostics); Decae 1996: 162, figs 1–3 (genus diagnostics); Le Peru 2011: 72, fig. 32 (distribution); Opatova et al. 2013: 1142 (phylogenetics); Colombo & Manunza 2013: 99–100, figs 1–2 (malacophagy).

Material examined. 1 female (NEOTYPE) id. Isaia.137, France Corsica, Cap Corse, Oreta, (42.86°N, 9.43°E), leg. S. Mammola and A. Giresi GoogleMaps ; 1 male (specimen described) id. NHMB-011, France, Corsica, Marine de Saint Ambrogio (42.6°N, 8.82°E), leg. B. Salmini, B. and F. Giomi. GoogleMaps

1 female id. TH.402, Calvi, Campo di a Veta (42.57°N, 8.72°E) leg. K. Thaler and B. Knoflach GoogleMaps ; 1 female id. TH.414A, Calvi, Forêt de Bonifacio (42.46°N, 8.85°E) leg. K. Thaler and B. Knoflach GoogleMaps ; 1 female id. Bra. 05, Corsica (no precise location) leg. B. Rast ; 2 females id. NHMP.020 and NHMP.021, Corsica (no precise location) leg. Unknown ; 3 females id. AR4215a–c, Corsica, region Ajaccio (41.93°N, 8.74°E) leg. Unknown GoogleMaps ; 2 females id. AR4211a–b, Corsica region Ajaccio leg. Dehant ; 1 female id. AR4216, Corsica Bastia, Ravin du Lupino (42.7°N, 9.45°E) GoogleMaps ; 1 female id. SMF3481 About SMF , Corsica (no precise location) leg. Unknown ; 1 male id. Colo. 015 Italy, Sardinia, Sassari, Maristella (40.59°N, 8.21°E) leg. M.Colombo GoogleMaps ; 1 male id. Colo. 018 Italy, Sardinia, Maristella (40.6°N, 8.22°E) leg. M.Colombo GoogleMaps ; 1 female id. Shu. 180, Sardinia, west of Cagliari (39.15°N, 8.64°E) leg. S. Huber GoogleMaps ; 1 female id. Colo. 17, Sardinia Maristella (40.6°N, 8.22°E) leg. M. Colombo GoogleMaps ; 1 female id. Colo. 16, Sardinia Collinas (39.64°N, 8.84°E) leg. M. Colombo GoogleMaps ; 1 juv. id. NHMB.03, Italy, Ponza, NW Mt. Guardia (40.9°N, 12.96°E) leg. V. Cotterelli. GoogleMaps 2 males id. Isaia. 133, 134, and 1 female id. Isaia-135, Italy, Calabria, Cosenza, Terranova da Sibari (39.66°N, 16.34°E) leg. P. Rizzo GoogleMaps ; 6 males id. Riz-01, 0 3, 0 4, 0 8, 0 9, 0 10, Italy, Calabria, Tarsia (39.61°N, 16.32°E) leg. P. Rizzo GoogleMaps ; 2 females id. Riz-02, 0 5 Italy, Calabria, Cosenza, Terranova da Sibari (39.66°N, 16.34°E) leg. P. Rizzo GoogleMaps ; 2 females id. Riz-02, 0 5 Italy, Calabria, San Lorenzo Bellizzi (39.8°N, 16.33°E) leg. P. Rizzo. Type GoogleMaps material and reference material from all locations will be deposited in MCSNEC (Bergamo).

Diagnosis. Cteniza sauvagesi differs from C. moggridgei in the larger size, as measured on the carapace length of both adult females and males. Maximal lengths recorded for C. moggridgei : females (n= 8) CL= 6.4, males (n= 8) CL= 6.2. Minimal lengths recorded for C. sauvagesi : females (n= 21) CL= 7.8, males (n= 11) CL= 7.3. The records for C. moggridgei include measurements given in Buchli (1968). Males of C. sauvagesi differ from C. moggridgei in the shape of the carapace, anterior narrowing in C. sauvagesi ( Fig. 43 View FIGURES 43–44 ) anterior rounded in C. moggridgei ( Fig. 44 View FIGURES 43–44 ), and in the spine patterns on leg I, with a dense group of short spiky bristles on the prolateral femur in C. sauvagesi (absent in C. moggridgei ), and relative stronger development of spines on the prolateral patella and tibia in C, moggridgei ( Figs. 45–48 View FIGURES 45–48 ). The two species are remarkably similar in sexual morphology (compare Figs. 59–62 View FIGURES 59–62 and 66–69 View FIGURES 66–69 ). Finally, the two species are geographically and ecologically separated (see section on SDM).

Description. Female neotype ( Figs. 49–50 View FIGURES 49–50 ). General appearance: robustly built, short legged spider with elevated, caudally truncated cephalic part of the carapace, deep procurved fovea and ovoid abdomen. Legs III and IV stronger than legs I and II, palps leg-like. Color: dorsal prosoma and legs almost uniform dark somewhat greenish brown, ventrally lighter brown, chelicerae darker reddish brown, abdomen dark grey dorsally lighter. Carapace (as Fig 41 View FIGURES 41–42 ): shiny, glabrous except for some fine bristles around the eye-group and on the crest of the cephalic part, posterior edge concave. Eye-group (as Fig. 37 View FIGURES 37–40 ): slightly longer than half the its width (EL/PR= 0.6), trapezoidal with posterior row slightly longer than anterior row (AR/PR= 0.9). ALE largest, PME larger than PLE, AME further than their diameter apart. Chelicerae: very strong, fine bristles dorsally in longitudinal zone, distally in triangular group, rastellum compact group of strong rigid short spiky spines on the inner apex of the basal segment, partly placed on distinct rastellar process, cheliceral furrow lined on both sides with irregular row of teeth (prolateral row extending forward), few smaller denticles on furrow bottoms, fangs, strong, proximally hooked, ventrally flattened between two sharp ridges.

Sternum (as Fig. 40 View FIGURES 37–40 ): evenly spread fine erect bristles, large sub-central sigilla, small lateral sigilla. Labium (as Fig. 40 View FIGURES 37–40 ): dome shaped with few distal cuspules, separated from sternum by wide, shallow labial furrow. Maxillae: short, rounded, distal apophyses, pinkish scopula along the ventral-prolateral edge, irregular double row of cuspules along proximal edges.

Palps: leg-like, groups of strong lateral dagger-type spines on tarsus, tibia and a single prolateral patella spine. Legs I and II: with dagger-type spines in the ventral halves of the prolateral and retrolateral distal three segments (as Fig. 15 View FIGURES 15–20 ). Leg III (as Fig. 18 View FIGURES 15–20 ): shortest and strongest of legs with spine-groups on distal tarsus, dorsal half metatarsus, and prolateral patella and a single distal spine on prolateral tibia, ventral tarsus with thin scopula. Leg IV: longest of legs with few fine spines on the prolateral tarsus and metatarsus, retrolateral spines absent, ‘rake- like’ structure around the dorsal femur-patella joint. Claws: palp-claw one large curved proximal bifid tooth ( Fig. 51 View FIGURES 51–54 ), Leg I ATC slightly sigmoid, STC with large proximal side teeth, few tiny subsidiary teeth ( Fig. 52 View FIGURES 51–54 ), Leg IV ATC regularly curved, STC with bifid side tooth on posterior claw ( Fig. 53 View FIGURES 51–54 ).

Abdomen: ovoid, dense cover of fine bristles.

Spinnerets (as Fig. 22 View FIGURES 21–24 ): PMS club shaped, apical spigot field, PLS three segmented, basal segment longer than median plus distal segment, spigots concentrated in the distal parts of all segments. Spigot differentiation distinct with a single larger spigot on apical PMS and a few conspicuously larger spigots on all PLS segments, particularly prominent on the distal parts of the median segment. Spermathecae ( Fig. 54 View FIGURES 51–54 ): “mushroom-shaped”, tripartite receptacles with distally narrowing, membranous, flattened proximal part, sclerotized medial part and “donutshaped” glandular distal part.

Measurements. Female neotype (id. Isaia-137). TBL= 28.8, CL= 9.2, CW= 7.9, SL= 5.7, SW= 4.3, LL= 1.2, LW= 1.6, AR= 1.51, PR= 1.75, EL= 0.96, dALE= 0.44, dPLE= 0.25, dAME= 0.15, dPME= 0.22, disAME= 0.27, disPME= 0.75, PaL= 12.9, LegI= 16.0 LegII= 14.6, LegIII= 14.8, LegIV= 20.3, Int= 0.39, Ext= 0.89, LRL= 0.46, LRR= 0.55.

Description. Male (id. NHMB-011). General appearance ( Fig. 36 View FIGURES 33–36 ): robustly built, long legged spider with small ovoid abdomen and slender, strongly elongated palps. Color (in ethanol): dorsal view prosoma and legs almost uniform dark brown, chelicerae slightly lighter brown, abdomen purplish, mottled, spinnerets yellow. Ventral sternum yellow with slightly darker edges and sigilla, labium and ventral coxae light brown, maxillae light brown with anterior yellow zone, legs and chelicerae slightly darker brown, anterior abdomen creamy color, posterior abdomen greyish, spinnerets white.

Carapace: finely sculptured, almost glabrous, few thin bristles around eye-group (partly on narrow clypeus), thick rim (as Fig. 43 View FIGURES 43–44 ), cephalic part only slightly elevated, gradually curving down to fovea (as Fig. 42 View FIGURES 41–42 ), fovea deep pro-curved. Eye-formation: as in female.

Chelicerae: weaker with smaller rastellum than in female, Sternum: with more pronounced curvature of the edge compared to female. Labium and Maxillae without cuspules.

Palp ( Fig. 55 View FIGURES 55–58 ): glabrous with only locally groups of short hairs, strongly elongated tibiae, patellae, femora, trochanters. Cymbium ( Fig. 56 View FIGURES 55–58 ): anterior rounded with distal group of dorsal spines (mostly broken-off in the described specimen). Legs: first leg ( Fig. 45–46 View FIGURES 45–48 ) stronger than other legs with numerous strong spines on pro- and retrolateral faces of tibia, and on prolateral patella. Prolateral femur with a field of short strong spiky bristles ( Fig. 45 View FIGURES 45–48 ). Claws: STC with single sigmoid curved rows (combs) of teeth ( Figs. 57–58 View FIGURES 55–58 ).

Abdomen: small ovoid, dense cover of fine bristles. Spinnerets: differentiation of spigots less pronounced than in females. Bulb ( Figs. 59–62 View FIGURES 59–62 ): simple pyriform with regularly curved slender, distally narrowing embolus with a tiny ‘scoop’ at the embolus tip.

Measurements. TBL= 15.8, CL= 7.7, CW= 6.8, SL= 4.7, SW= 3.5, LL= 0.7, LW= 1.1, AR= 1.29, PR= 1.45, EL= 0.74, dALE= 0.32, dPLE= 0.23, dAME= 0.15, dPME= 0.23, disAME= 0.22, disPME= 0.66, PaL= 16.2, LegI= 20.8, LegII= 19,1, LegIII= 17.3, LegIV= 24.3, BuL= 1.91, EmL= 0.86, BuW= 0.80.

Size variation. Although our samples of C. sauvagesi from geographically separated populations on Corsica, Sardinia and in Calabria are small, we did not find distinctive size differences between males (CL: av= 8.1, sd= 1.0, n= 11) and adult females (CL: av= 9.2, sd= 1.0, n= 21) collected in different regions.

With respect to qualitative differences in morphological characters, Ausserer (1871: 153) reported substantial variation within the Corsican population of C. sauvagesi . We studied this variation in our samples to conclude that some of Ausserer’s characters are difficult to interpret, either because we have no information about his methods of measurement (e.g. length/width ratio of the rastellar process) or the ambiguity in interpretation of character states (e.g. fovea shape, shallower or deeper grooves in the carapace). Where we could follow Ausserer (1871), we found the same variation in sternum shape and eye configurations in all populations ( Corsica, Sardinia Calabria), supporting the specific unity of different populations of C. sauvagesi . The only potentially diagnostic character we found to distinguish isolated populations of C. sauvagesi was the spine patterns on lateral faces of tarsus I in males ( Fig. 63–65 View FIGURES 63–65 ). Here, prolateral and retrolateral spines were found in the Calabrian population (n= 8); such spines were absent in the Sardinian and Corsican populations (n= 3). The variation and differences in morphology found are regarded to be insufficient to justify the recognition of different species occurring on Corsica, Sardinia and Calabria. Hence, we regard C. sauvagesi as a single species distributed in at least three currently marine isolated geographical regions.

Size variation measurements. Males (n= 5): TBL= 14.6–18.2, CL= 7.7–8.8, CW= 6.8–7.7, SL= 4.3–5.2, SW= 3.4–4.5. AR= 1.28–1.41, PR= 1.45–1.77, EL= 0.74–1.05, dAME= 0.15–0.19, disAME= 0.22–0.30, PaL= 15.6–17.4, LegI= 20.8–23.1, LegII= 19.1–21.7, LegIII= 17.1–20.1, LegIV= 24.3–28.2, BuL= 1.98–2.21, EmL= 0.89–1.13, BuW= 0.80–0.95. Females (n= 11): TBL= 17.2–27.8, CL= 7.8–10.2, CW= 7.0–9.3, SL= 5.1–6.8, SW= 3.7–5.2, AR= 1.43–2.10, PR= 1.49–2.37, EL= 0.93–1.26, dAME= 0.14–0.20, disAME= 0.23–0.42, PaL= 12.3– 16.3, LegI= 14.6–20.5, LegII= 13.4–18.4, LegIII= 14.0–18.4, LegIV= 18.3–25.5.

Remarks. The validity of C. brevidens has never been confirmed. A study of detailed photographic material of the supposed holotype of C. brevidens , kindly provided by Christoph Hörweg (NHMW-Vienna, Inv. No. 11, “TYPUS”, leg. Koelbel) and a study of a specimen labeled C. brevidens by Costa in the collection of the MNHN- Paris (A.D. personal observation), indicated that only the shape of the eye-formation would distinguish C. brevidens from C. sauvagesi (see Decae 1996: figs 1–2). Significant variations in the general shape of the eyeformation in C. sauvagesi were first reported by Ausserer (1871: 152-153) and are confirmed in this study (PR/EL, n= 16, range 1.49–2.26, av.= 1.86, sd.= 0.18, AR/PR, n= 16, range 0.77–0.90, av.= 0.85, sd. 0.04). Here we judge these differences insufficient to discriminate species and hence regard C. brevidens (Doleschall, 1871) as a junior synonym of C. sauvagesi ( Rossi, 1788) n. syn.

NHMB

Natural History Museum Bucharest

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Arachnida

Order

Araneae

Family

Ctenizidae

Genus

Cteniza

Loc

Cteniza sauvagesi Rossi 1788

Decae, Arthur, Mammola, Stefano, Rizzo, Pierluigi & Isaia, Marco 2019
2019
Loc

C. sauvagesi: Simon 1914 : 4

Opatova, V. & Bond, J. E. & Arnedo, M. A. 2013: 1142
Decae, A. E. 1996: 162
Simon, E. 1914: 4
1914
Loc

Aëpycephalus brevidens

Wunderlich, J. 1995: 358
Simon, E. 1892: 95
Ausserer, A. 1871: 151
1871
Loc

Cteniza sauvagei

Ausserer, A. 1871: 152
1871
Loc

Aranea Sauvagesii Latreille 1799 : 125

Latreille, P. A. 1799: 125
1799
Loc

Aranea Sauvagii Rossi 1788 : 141

Rossi, P. 1788: 141
1788
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