Himantigera silvestris McFadden, 1982

Fachin, Diego Aguilar & Hauser, Martin, 2018, Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Himantigera James, 1982 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Sarginae), including the description of two new species and a key to the known species, Zootaxa 4531 (4), pp. 451-498 : 461-467

Himantigera silvestris McFadden, 1982

( Figs 2 , 7–8, 11 , 17–18 , 27 , 34 , 40 , 48–49 , 59–61 , 64–65 , 90–95 , 108 , 114 , 122 , 128 , holotype, WSU)

Himantigera silvestris McFadden in James & McFadden, 1982: 20 (original description); 19, (identification key to species); 45, Fig. 29 (male genitalia, ventral view). Type locality: Mexico, Veracruz, Lake Catemaco, 258 m. Holotype ♂ [WSU]; Paratypes: 2 ♂ [ CNC] ; 3 ♂ [ CAS] , 1 ♂, [ FSCA] ; 1 ♂ [SEMC]; 2 ♂ [MCZ]; 2 ♂, 2 ♀ [UCB]; 2 ♂ [USNM]; 7 ♂ [WSU]; 25 ♂ [WSU, MCZ].

Diagnosis. Upper frons much narrower than widest margin of frontal callus; margin of frontal callus strongly divergent ( Fig. 17 ). Fore legs entirely yellow in males ( Fig. 114 ). R 2+3 originating at or very close to r–m ( Fig. 34 ). Abdomen subrectangular, almost equally wide from second to fourth segments ( Figs 48–49 ).

Material examined. Type material: HOLOTYPE ( Fig. 128 , A–F), ♂ labeled: “ Mexico , Veracruz, / Lake Catemaco, / 04–06.vii.1966, 850’ / M.W. McFadden [printed on white paper]”; Himantigera / silvestris / ♂ McFadden / HOLOTYPE [handwritten on red paper]” ( WSU). PARATYPES: 1 ♂, COSTA RICA, Cartago, Turrialba, 2000’, 17.vii.1965, H.G. Real ( CAS); 1 ♂, 07.viii.1965, Raspe coll. ( CAS). 1 ♂, Heredia Prov. [Province], La Selva, 2 km SW Puerto Viejo, 04–07.viii.1971, at sta. window, P.A. Opler ( CAS). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, MEXICO, Chiapas, Simojovel, 18–31.vii.1958, J.A. Chemsak collector (1 ♂, UCB; 1 ♀ WSU). 1 ♂ (stated as ♀), Oaxaca, Temascal, 04.x.1963, K.H. Janzen collector ( UCB). 1 ♀, Veracruz, 11. mi. [miles] N. Cordoba, 02.vii.1962, D.E. Janzen collector ( UCB); 5 ♂ (2 ♂, one with left antenna and wing slide-mounted, CNC; 3 ♂, WSU), Catemaco, 1100 ft., 16–18.vi.1969, W.R.M. Mason; 3 ♂ (one with abdomen glued to locality label; other one with a microvial pinned beneath it), same date as holotype ( WSU). 1 ♂, PANAMA, CZ [Canal Zone], Panama, Barro Colorado Isl. [Island] 26.vi.1924, N. [Nathan Banks] ( WSU); 1 ♂, 17.viii.1924 ( WSU); 1 ♂, 04.viii.1977, Silberlied/Aiello ( USNM); 1 ♂, 05.viii.1977 ( USNM).

Additional material: 1 ♂, COLOMBIA, Chocó, PNN [Parque Nacional Natural] Utria, Send. Cocalito , 6.02°N 77.35°W, 16.viii–07.ix.2000, J. Pérez, MT [malaise trap], CAP-814 ( LACM) . 1 ♂, COSTA RICA, Cartago, Turrialba , grounds of IICA, 23.vi.1976, M. Wasbauer, Malaise trap 8A-5P ( UCB) ; 1 ♂, Turrialba , CATIE, 26–29.vi.1986, W. Hanson, G. Bohart ( LACM) . 1 ♀, Guanacaste Prov. [Province], 3 km SE R. Naranjo , 11–20.vi.1992, F.D. Parker ( LACM) ; 1 ♀, 05–09.vii.1993 ( LACM) ; 1 ♀, 24–30.viii.1993 ( LACM) . 1 ♀, Guanacaste Conservation Area Santa Rosa Sector, Administration Area , viii.1998, Malaise trap, J.J. Sulivan ( USNM) . 1 ♂, Limón, 4 km NE Bribri , 9°38’N 82°49’W, 50m, iv–vi.1990, Malaise trap, P. Hanson ( USNM) . 1 ♀, [CR2013-09], Rd. [Road] Manzanillo, Punta Uva , 9°37’30”-38’16”N 82°39’41”-41’39”W, 0–10 m, degraded costal rain forest, car net, 01.xii.2013, leg. M. Schülke & B. Grüberg ( CSCA) . 1 ♀, Puntarenas, Golfito , 07.viii.1957, Arnold Menke ( LACM) ; 2 ♂, 5 ♀, Golfito , 29.vi.1976, Malaise trap 8AM-5PM, M. Wasbauer coll. ( UCB) ; 1 ♂, Golfito-United Fruit Co., 25.vi.1976 ( UCB) ; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Golfito-United Fruit Co., 1.vii.1976, Malaise trap 8A-5P ( UCB) ; 1 ♂, Golfito , 10–100m, 25–26.vi.1976, E.M. Fisher, collr. [collector] ( CSCA) . 2 ♀, 5 km NW Puerto Jimenez , 8°33’N 83°21’W, 10m, i.1991, P. Hanson 1 ♀, xi.1991 ( USNM) ; 3 ♂, 2 ♀, 3 km NW Puerto Jimenez , 8°41’N 83°29’W, 10m, iii–v.1991, Malaise trap, P. Hanson ( USNM) ; 1 ♂, viii.1991 ( USNM) ; 1 ♀, xi.1991 ( USNM) ; 1 ♀, Puerto Jimenez , 8°23’N 83°19’W, 10m, iv–v.1991, Malaise trap, P. Hanson ( USNM) . 1 ♂, 3 ♀, San José, Zona Protectora El Rodeo , 9.91°N [8] 4.28°W, 5–8.viii.2001, Malaise trap #2, B. Brown, V. Berezovskiy, G. Kung ( LACM) . 1 ♂, ECUADOR, Los Ríos, Vic. Quebrada , iii–iv.1955, E.N. O'Rourke ( USNM) . 1 ♀, EL SALVADOR, Rosario Cuscatlan [Cuscatlán, Rosario], 15.vi.53, Salazar ( USNM) . 1 ♂, GUATEMALA, Dept. [Department] Huehuetenango, 8 km SE. of La Mesilla , 810 m, 30.viii.1976, Edward S. Ross ( CAS) . 1 ♂, Cayuga [= Izabal, Morales], vi.15, WmSchaus ( USNM) . 2 ♂, MEXICO, Oaxaca, El Camarón , 17.27°N 100.35°W, 25.v–09.vi.1987, T. Taylor ( LACM) . 1 ♀, Puebla, San José St. Chiapas [= San José Chiapa], v.1910, 1000 to 1500 ft. [feet] El, Donor C.L. Fox ( CAS) . 1 ♂, Veracruz, Citlaltépetl [= Pico de Orizaba], 03.vii.1964, el 3000, Coll. Suani ( CAS) ; 1 ♀, Lake Catemaco , 18.vi.1969, B.V. Peterson ( CNC) . 1 ♂, PANAMA, C.Z. [Canal Zone], Panama, Barro Colorado Isl. [Island], 18.vii.1924, N. Banks ( USNM) ; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, 9°9’N 79°51’W, 12– 19.v.1993, J. Pickering, MT [malaise trap] #966 ( LACM) ; 1 ♀, 9°17’N 79°83’W, 04–11.ix.1996, J. Pickering, MT [malaise trap] #6851 ( LACM) . 1 ♀, Guna Yala, Nusagandi , 9°20’N 79°0’W 29.i–05.ii.1994, J. Pickering, MT [malaise trap] #2061 ( LACM) . 3 ♂, 2 ♀, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, Tunapuna-Piarco, I. Simla Res. Sta. [Research Station], 02–15.vi.1981, Hanson, Clemons ( LACM) . 1 ♂, Mt. St. Benedict , 10°40.08’N 61°23.97’W, 500–700 m, 25–30.xi.1999, R. Snelling, MT [malaise trap], primary rf. ( LACM) . 1 ♂, VENEZUELA, Carabobo, San Esteban [San Esteban National Park], xi.1939, Pablo Anduze ( USNM) .

Redescription. Male. Length: body, 9.0–11.5 mm; wing, 8.5–12.0 mm. Head ( Fig. 17 ). Upper frons much narrower than widest margin of frontal callus. Frontal callus margin strongly divergent. Arista-like terminal flagellomere with six thin setae basally ( Fig. 2 ). Thorax. Fore leg entirely yellow, mid and hind legs mostly yellow (tarsomeres slightly lighter), except mid coxa proximally, hind coxa, apical half ventrally of mid and apical third of hind femora dark brown; often apex of mid tibia dark brown. Wing ( Fig. 27 ). R 2+3 originating at or very near to r–m level ( Fig. 34 ). Alula with microtrichia along anterior half and often apically ( Fig. 40 ). Abdomen ( Fig. 48 ). Abdomen subrectangular, less than twice longer than wide, almost equally wide from second to fourth segments; distinctly metallic green on tergites and sternites; long golden pilosity laterally on tergites 1–2, short golden pilosity on tergite 3, short black pilosity on tergites 4–5. Terminalia ( Figs 59–61 , 90–95 ). Genital capsule slightly wider than high, its posterior margin rounded dorsally; medial process of synsternite strongly developed, ovalshaped distally ( Fig. 90 ), thin setae on distal half; anterior end of gonocoxal apodeme and anterior end of phallus exceeding anterior margin of genitalia. Gonostylus not much longer than wide, apical margin concave ( Fig. 92 ). Epandrium longer than wide, connection between sternite 10 and epandrium expanded ( Fig. 59 ).

Female. As for males, except as follows. Length: body, 8.5–11.0 mm, wing, 8.5–12.0 mm. Head ( Fig. 18 ). Upper frons narrower than widest margin of frontal callus; lateral area half of medial area width. Thorax. Legs much darker. Apical third of all femora dark brown. All tibiae ventrally dark brown on basal and apical thirds, medial third yellow. Abdomen ( Fig. 49 ). Coppery metallic reflections on sternites. Terminalia ( Figs 64–65 ). Genital fork with its genital opening occupying nearly all its anterior half; short distance between each projection of posterior bridge; posterolateral process narrower basally, quite wide medially ( Fig. 65 ).

Geographic distribution. Mexico (Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz) , Guatemala (Huehuetenango, Izabal, Suchitépequepez) , El Salvador (Cuscatlán) , Costa Rica (Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José) , Panama (Guna Yala, Panama), Colombia (Chocó) , Trinidad & Tobago (Tunapuna-Piarco), Venezuela (Carabobo) , Ecuador (Los Ríos) ( Fig. 130 ) .

This species has a wide altitudinal range, occurring from 10 to 1450 meters as documented by the examined material.

Comments. The male and female genitalia of this species were previously not described, nor was the position of vein R 2+3. Himantigera silvestris is similar in appearance to H. nigrifemorata , especially the lighter males of H. nigrifemorata . H. silvestris differs, however, in being quite larger, robust (not fragile) and more metallic than H. nigrifemorata , with all last tarsomeres yellow. The abdominal segments are almost equally wide in H. silvestris ( Figs 48–49 ), while in H. nigrifemorata , the first two abdominal segments are narrower than the last three ( Figs 45–46 ).

Himantigera silvestris is even more similar to H. superba . Males of H. silvestris , however, have the fore tibia completely yellow (see Fig. 114 ), and the fore and hind femora never marked with dark brown ventrally, while in H. superba , all legs are more marked of dark brown (see Fig. 115 ) including the apical third of the fore femur, virtually the entire surface of the mid and hind femora, and all tibiae ventrally (only yellow medially) (see Table 3). Furthermore, H. silvestris (as H. nigrifemorata ) is restricted to Central America ( Mexico to Panama), with a few records reaching the northern coastal regions of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela, whereas H. superba is mostly occurring in the low lands of South America in the Amazon basin and also reaching southern Brazil ( Fig. 130 ).

Two paratypes of H. silvestris from Panama collected in 1977 and originally cited as deposited in the MCZ (Norman E. Woodley, personal communication) are now housed in the USNM collection. Other paratypes from Guatemala were deposited in the AMNH and WSU collections, but it was not stated in the original publication how many specimens are in each location.

Figures

FIGURE 128. Himantigera silvestris, male, holotype [WSU]. A. Habitus, dorsal. B. Habitus, lateral. C. Head. D. R 2+3 vein in detail. E. Alula. F. Labels.

FIGURE 130. Geographic distribution of Himantigera species. Squares represent holotypes, and circles paratypes and additional material.

FIGURES 1–6. Antennae of Himantigera species. 1. H. nigrifemorata, female. 2. H. silvestris, male. 3. H. superba, male. 4. H. amauroptera nov. sp., male paratype. 5. H. xanthopoda nov. sp., male paratype. 6. H. sp. A., female. Abbreviations: ar t flgm, arista-like terminal flagellomere; flg, flagellum; ped, pedicel; scp, scape.

FIGURES 7–12. Head and thorax of Himantigera species. 7. H. silvestris, head in dorsal view, male paratype [CNC]. 8. H. silvestris, head in lateral view, male paratype [CNC]. 9. H. superba, thorax in lateral view, male. 10. H. nigrifemorata, calypter lobe, male. 11. H. silvestris, calypter lobe, male paratype [CAS]. 12. H. sp. B, male. Red arrow points to projection of calypter lobe. Abbreviations: anepm, anepimeron; anepsta, anepisternum anterior; a spr, anterior spiracule; cx, coxa; fc, face; fr cl, frontal callus; hlt, halter; kepm, katepimeron; kepst, katepisternum; lt ar, lateral area of upper frons; ltg, laterotergite; lw fr, lower frons; md ar, medial area of upper frons; mr, meron; mtanepst, metanepisternum; mtepm, metepimeron; mtg, mediotergite; mtkepst, metakatepisternum; mtn, metanotum; npl sut, notopleural suture; oc tbrc, ocellar tubercle; pprn, postpronotum; pprn lb, postpronotal lobe; p spr, posterior spiracule; prepm, proepimeron; prepst, proepisternum; presct, prescutum; prbs, proboscis; sct, scutum; sctl, scutellum; st, sternite; tg, tergite; trn sut, transverse suture; vrt, vertex. Scale bar, 1 mm.

FIGURES 13–24. Head in frontal view of Himantigera species. 13–16. H. nigrifemorata (13. Male, Mexico; 14. Female, Mexico; 15. Male, Costa Rica; 16. Female, Costa Rica). 17–18. H. silvestris (17. Male, paratype [CNC]; 18. Female). 19. H. superba, male. 20–21. H. amauroptera nov. sp., paratype (20. Male; 21. Female). 22. H. xanthopoda nov. sp., male holotype. 23. H. sp. A, female. 24. H. sp. B, male. Scale bar, 1.0 mm.

FIGURES 25–28. Wings of Himantigera species. 25–26. H. nigrifemorata, male (25. Mexico; 26. Costa Rica). 27. H. silvestris, male, paratype [CNC]. 28. H. superba, male. Scale bar, 1 mm. Abbreviations: A 1, first branch of anal vein; bc, basal costal cell; bm, basal medial cell; br, basal radial cell; c, costal cell; C, costal vein; Cu, cubital vein or cubitus; CuA, anterior branch of cubital vein; cua, anterior cubital cell; CuA+CuP, anterior branch of cubital vein + posterior branch of cubital vein; CuP, posterior branch of cubital vein; cup, posterior cubital cell; d, discal cell; h, humeral crossvein; M, medial vein, or media; M 1, first branch of media; m1, first medial cell; M 1+2, fused first and second branch of media; M 2, second branch of media; m 2, second medial cell; M 3, third branch of media; m 3, third medial cell; M 3+4, fused third and fourth branch of media; M 4, fourth branch of media; m 4, fourth medial cell; m–cu, medial–cubital crossvein; m–m, medial crossvein; R 1, anterior branch of radius; r 1, first radial cell; R 2+3, second branch of radius; r 2+3, second + third radial cell; r 4, fourth radial cell; R 4, upper branch of third branch of radius; r 5, fifth radial cell; R 5, lower branch of third branch of radius; r–m, radial–medial crossvein; Rs, radial sector; sc, subcostal cell; Sc, subcostal vein.

FIGURES 33–38. Detail of vein R 2+3 in wings of Himantigera species. 33. H. nigrifemorata, male. 34. H. silvestris, male, paratype [CNC]. 35. H. superba, male. 36. H. amauroptera nov. sp., male paratype. 37. H. xanthopoda nov. sp., male paratype. 38. H. sp. A, female. Black arrow points R 2+3 vein. Scale bar, 0.5 mm. Abbreviation: R 2+3, second branch of radius.

FIGURES 39–44. Wing base of Himantigera species. 39. H. nigrifemorata, male. 40. H. silvestris, male, paratype [CNC], Mexico. 41. H. superba, male, Peru. 42. H. amauroptera nov. sp., male paratype. 43. H. xanthopoda nov. sp., male paratype. 44. H. sp. A, female. Black arrow points Cu, basal to true cubital fork. Scale bar, 0.5 mm. Abbreviation: Cu, cubital vein or cubitus.

FIGURES 45–55. Abdomen in dorsal view of Himantigera species. 45–47. H. nigrifemorata (45. Male, Mexico; 46. Female, Mexico; 47. Female, Costa Rica). 48–49. H. silvestris (48. Male, paratype [CNC]; 49. Female). 50. H. jamesi [= H. superba], male holotype [SMNS], Brazil. 51. H. superba, male. 52–53. H. amauroptera nov. sp., paratype (52. Male; 53. Female). 54. H. xanthopoda nov. sp., male paratype. 53. H. sp. B, male. Scale bar, 1.0 mm.

FIGURES 59–61. Male terminalia of Himantigera silvestris, paratype [CNC]. 59. Epandrium, proctiger and cerci, dorsal view. 60. Genitalia, dorsal view. 61. Genitalia, ventral view. Abbreviations: cerc; cercus; epand, epandrium; gonst, gonostylus; goncx apod, gonocoxal apodeme; pm sh, parameral sheath; mps, medial process of synsternite; ph, phallus; prct, proctiger; synst, synstenite.

FIGURES 62–65. 62–63. Himantigera nigrifemorata, female. 62. Female terminalia, dorsal view. 63. Genital fork, dorsal view. 64–65. H. superba, female. 64. Female terminalia, dorsal view. 65. Genital fork, dorsal view. Abbreviations: cerc, cercus; go, genital opening; pb, posterior bridge; pp, posterolateral process; st, sternite; tg, tergite.

FIGURES 86–95. Male terminalia of Himantigera species (phallus, T9, T10, S10 and cerci removed). 86–89. H. nigrifemorata (86. Dorsal view; 87. Ventral view; 88. Lateral view; 89. Postero-dorsal view). 90–95. H. silvestris, paratype [CNC] (90. Postero-dorsal view; 91. Lateral view; 92. Dorsal view; 93. Latero-dorsal view; 94. Latero-ventral view; 95. Ventral view). Scale bar, 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: gonst, gonostylus; goncx apod, gonocoxal apodeme; mps, medial process of synsternite; synst, synstenite.

FIGURES 106–111. Himantigera species, habitus, dorsal, male. 106–107. H. nigrifemorata (106. Mexico; 107. Costa Rica). 108. H. silvestris, paratype [CNC]. 109. H. superba. 110. H. amauroptera nov. sp., paratype. 111. H. xanthopoda nov. sp., holotype. Scale bar, 1 mm.

FIGURES 112–117. Himantigera species, habitus, lateral, male. 112–113. H. nigrifemorata (112. Mexico; 113. Costa Rica). 114. H. silvestris, paratype [CNC]. 115. H. superba. 116. H. amauroptera nov. sp., paratype. 117. H. xanthopoda nov. sp., holotype. Scale bar, 1 mm. Red arrow points to the fore leg of H. silvestris.

FIGURES 120–125. Himantigera species, habitus, female. 120–121. H. nigrifemorata, lateral (120. Mexico; 121. Costa Rica). 122. H. silvestris, lateral. 123. H. amauroptera nov. sp., lateral, paratype. 124–125. H. sp. A. (124. Dorsal; 125. Lateral). Scale bar, 1 mm. Red arrow points to the last tarsomere of the hind leg of H. nigrifemorata.

FIGURES 29–32. Wings of Himantigera species. 29. H. amauroptera nov. sp., male paratype. 30. H. amauroptera nov. sp., female paratype. 31. H. xanthopoda nov. sp., male paratype. 32. H. sp. A, female. Scale bar, 1 mm.