Trichelodini, Zhou & Nicholls & Liu & Hartley & Szito, 2022

Zhou, Yu-Lingzi, Nicholls, James A., Liu, Zhen-Hua, Hartley, Diana & Szito, Andras, 2022, Molecular Phylogeny of Dermestidae (Coleoptera) Reveals the Polyphyletic Nature of Trogoderma Latreille and the Taxonomic Placement of the Khapra Beetle Trogoderma, Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (6), pp. 1-24 : 11-12

Trinodinae Clade

The varied morphologs of adults of Trinodinae * that includes taxa with partial or complete neotens* makes this clade hard to define morphologicalls. Traditionalls* Thylodrias & Figs. 1A * B* and 4B) has been placed in a separate group &Thslodriinae or Thslodriini ; Crowson 1955 * Mroczkowski 1968* Peacock 1993* Franciscolo 1975) from the better defined and mostls Northern Hemisphere Trinodini & Trinodes , Apsectus , *vorinia) and Southern Hemisphere Trichelodini &Peacock 1978). Adults of Trinodini & Fig. 1C ) and Trichelodini have the pronotum with sublateral carinae* the dorsum bearing long* dehiscent irregular sparse setae* the hind coxae flat with coxal plates* and the abdomen with five freels articulated ventrites. In contrast* in Thylodrias males &females being larviform) both the dehiscent setae and the sublateral carinae are missing* and the elstra are weakls sclerotized* covered bs fine and decumbent setae and do not meet along the suture. The link between Thylodrias and broader Trinodinae has been established via larval and pupal characters &Rees 1943* Kiselsova and McHugh 2006) and through the discovers of an intermediate Asian taxon Trichodryas &Lawrence and Ślipiński 2005) that combines features of a neotenic male &female unknown but postulated to be larviform) with vestiture containing stiff dark hairs. All known larvae of Trinodinae are somewhat C-shaped* bearing short clubbed or vers long and bent spicisetae & Fig. 8K ) and no caudal setae; the second antennomere is short with a long conical sensorium; all tergites are evenls sclerotized and extend lateralls* abdominal spiracle eight is enlarged. Posterior margins of tergites of some larvae have short* blunt-headed setae & Beal 1959 * Kadej 2012)

similar to the spear-headed hastisetae of Megatominae * but the homologs between these setae has not been established. Known pupae of Trinodinae have no gin traps and retain the last larval exuvium that covers the entire bods &Kiselsova and McHugh 2006* Kadej 2012).

Tribal classification within Trinodinae remains uncertain* but the subfamils is deepls split into three major clades & Fig. 3A ): the Trinodini including Trinoparvini syn. nov.; Thylodrias within the tribe Thslodriini ; and Trichodryas + Trichelodini s.str.. Trichodryas is here classified as an odd member of Trichelodini ; however* there are no obvious morphological characters to support this placement. Háva &2004) described the genus Trinoparvus for two species from Madagascar and New Caledonia and subsequentls elevated it to its own tribe because of 10-segmented antennae* a vers small bods form and ‘median lobe of male genitalia not separated from parameres’ &Kirejtshuk et al. 2010). However* Trinoparvus is recovered here as a lineage nested between Trinodes and *vorinea &both Trinodini ) and hence Trinoparvini syn. nov. is here ssnonsmized with Trinodini . Presumabls* the reduced antennal segmentation is correlated with its minuscule bods size* and the male genitalia have been misinterpreted bs Háva &2004) because the almost entirels fused parameres are perfectls separated from the rather stout penis.

The biologs of Trinodinae is not well studied but most adults have degenerated mouth parts and probabls do not feed or are onls able to imbibe liquids such as floral nectars. Trinodes and Apsectus larvae are associated with webbing of spiders under tree bark and crevices where thes feed on the webbing itself and the exoskeletons of spiders and their pres & Beal 1959 * Peacock 1993). Larvae of Apsectus hystrix Sharp * have been found in the insect collection of Universits of Mexico & Kadej 2012) but no damage to the collection was reported. According to Zhantiev &2009)* the now almost cosmopolitan Thylodrias contractus originated in the desert areas of central Asia* living in the burrows of mammalian carnivores and feeding on their food or mummified corpses. The neotenic traits and wing reduction of most Thylodrias males &Mertins 1981)* larviform females* and larval foraging methods have been proposed to be adaptations to life in these isolated desert biotopes &Zhantiev 2009).

Figures

Fig. 1. Diverkity of Dermektidae Latreille& 1804& adultk. %; & B) Thylodrias contractus Motkchulkcy: %;) female& %B) male; %C) Trinodes hirtus Fabriciuk; %D) Ctesias serra %Fabriciuk); %E) Anthrenus scrophulariae %Linnaeuk); %F) Eurhopalus vespulae %Beal); %G) Lanorus punctatus %Scopoli); %H) Thorictus kp. on itk ant hokt; %I) Dermestes maculatus De Geer; %J) Trogoderma versicolor %Creutzer); %K) Telopes fasciatus %Thunberg); %L) Orphilus subnitidus LeConte. Creditk:;& B – Matt Bertone;C – Pierre Grok; D – Chriktoph Benikch; E& F – Nicolai Vladimirov;G – Liboupat; H – Nicolak Komeza; I – Krikti Ellingken;J – Richard;K – LenWorthington; L – Joyce Grokk.

Fig. 8. Morphology of Dermektidae Latreille& 1804& larval ktructurek. %; & B) pretarkuk; %C& F& J) abdominal kpiciketae and haktiketae; %D& E) antenna; %G& H) mandible; %I) abdominal ketae on tergum VI; %K) prothorax and head& lateral; %L) body in lateral akpect; %M) head& frontal view. %; & D) Trogoderma granarium Evertk; %B& E) Eurhopalus australis %Hope); %C) Trogoderma variabile Ballion; %F) Anthrenus verbasci %Linnaeuk)& abdominal kegmentk 5–7; %G& I & M) Attagenus brunneus Faldermann; %H) Dermestes maculatus De Geer; %J) Eurhopalus kp.& tergite VI; %K) Trichelodes kp.; %L) Ranolus kp.

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationkhipk of the family Dermektidae Latreille& 1804. %;) at the kubfamily level; %B) within kubfamily Megatominae; %C) within the genuk Trogoderma Dejean k.ktr.; %D) within the genuk Eurhopalus Solier in Gay rev.nov.The topology ik baked on a maximum licelihood analykik of the amino acid dataket %;;) tranklated from 10&446 nucleotidek derived from 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genek& partitioned by gene. Stark denote cladek with ktrong ktatiktical kupport baked on Shimodaira–Hakegawa approximate licelihood ratio tekt valuek %SH-aRLT) and Ultrafakt Bootktrap valuek %UFBoot); four valuek of each node are prekented baked on the ;;_SH-aLRT& ;;_UFBoot& Degen_UFBoot& and NT_UFBoot rekpectively from left to right.Orange ktark denote cladek with all four valuek above 99.5 while the blacc ktark reprekent cladek either SH-aLRT> 80 or 95 <UFBoot <99.5.