Pholcus, Walckenaer, 1805

Zhang, Feng & Zhu, Ming-Sheng, 2009, A review of the genus Pholcus (Araneae: Pholcidae) from China, Zootaxa 2037 (1), pp. 1-114 : 8-9

Key to Chinese species of Pholcus

1 Six eyes; AME missing or reduced to pigment specks ................................................................................................. 2

- Eight eyes; AME always fully developed (with lenses) ............................................................................................... 3

2 AME missing; each eye triad on a slightly elevated tubercle ( Fig. 10D ); epigynum with wrinkled, worm-shaped apophysis ( Figs. 10A–C ) ............................................................................................................................ P. elongatus

- AME reduced to pigment specks; each eye triad on a longer eye-stalk ( Figs. 39A–B ) .................. P. podophthalmus

3 Male palpal cymbium with a conical projection and tarsal organ near tip of projection ............................................. 4

- Male palpal cymbium without conical projection; tarsal organ on cymbium ............................................................. 6

4 Uncus of genital bulb helmet-like ( Fig. 14I ); epigynum with short club-shaped apophysis ................................ P. gui

- Uncus of genital bulb cleaver-shaped ( Fig. 4E ); epigynum with knob-shaped apophysis ........................................... 5

5 Appendix of genital bulb with two thorn-shaped projections centrally ( Figs. 4E–F ); epigynum with nearly rectangular pore plates ( Fig. 4C ) ................................................................................................................ P. bidentatus

- Appendix of genital bulb without such projections; epigynum with shoe-shaped pore plates ( Fig. 21B ) ......... P. kimi

6 Pattern of carapace distinct ‘stripe’ type ( Fig. 28A ) ...................................................................................... P. mengla

- Pattern of carapace ‘Peking-opera-mask’ or ‘butterfly’ ............................................................................................. 7

7 Male chelicerae with pair of distal apophyses and proximolateral apophyses ............................................................ 8

- Male chelicerae with pair of distal apophyses, proximolateral apophyses and proximocentral apophyses .............. 19

8 Pattern of carapace not ‘Peking-opera-mask’ .............................................................................................................. 9

- Pattern of carapace ‘Peking-opera-mask’ .................................................................................................................. 10

9 Male eye triad on a relatively long eye-stalk ( Fig. 27C ); epigynum roughly bell-shaped ( Fig. 27A )............ P. medog

- Male eye triad on a slightly elevated tubercle; epigynum roughly broadly triangular ( Fig. 55B ).............. P. wuyiensis

10 Male genital bulb without appendix or with reduced appendix; epigynum with knob-shaped apophysis ................. 11

- Male genital bulb with distinct appendix; epigynum with long whip-shaped or necktie-shaped apophysis ............. 13

11 Male palpal trochanter with short ventral apophysis; epigynum with nearly triangular pore plates ( Fig. 54B ) ............ .................................................................................................................................................................. P. triangulatus

- Male palpal trochanter with long ventral apophysis; epigynum with oval pore plates............................................... 12 12 Male genital bulb without appendix ( Fig. 2G ); epigynum with small T-shaped apophysis ( Fig. 2C ) .. P. beijingensis

- Male genital bulb with reduced appendix ( Fig. 19E ); epigynum with nipple-shaped apophysis ( Fig. 19A ) ................. ................................................................................................................................................................... P. jixianensis

13 Male genital bulb with axe-shaped or boot-shaped uncus; epigynum with necktie-shaped apophysis ..................... 14

- Male genital bulb with W-shaped or S-shaped uncus; epigynum with whip-shaped apophysis ............................... 15

14. Male genital bulb with long axe-shaped uncus ( Fig. 53F ); epigynum with nearly round pore plates ( Fig. 53B ) .......... ....................................................................................................................................................................... P. taishan

- Male genital bulb with boot-shaped uncus ( Fig. 16D ); epigynum with teardrop-shaped pore plates ( Fig. 16B ) .......... ................................................................................................................................................................... P. henanensis

15 Male genital bulb with S-shaped uncus ( Fig. 30D ) .................................................................................... P. oculosus

- Male genital bulb with W-shaped uncus; epigynum with oval pore plates ................................................................ 16

16 Male sternum with irregular patches ( Fig. 29F ); epigynal apophysis about one third as long as epigynum ( Fig. 29A ) ............................................................................................................................................................. P. mianshanensis

- Male sternum with four pairs of light yellow marginal patches; epigynal apophysis about half as long as epigynum. ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

17 Uncus of genital bulb distinctly W-shaped ( Figs. 25G and 32H ); epigynum with semicircular dark shadow centrally ( Figs. 25A and 32A ) .................................................................................................................................................. 18

- Uncus of genital bulb nearly W-shaped ( Fig. 61H ); epigynum without semicircular dark shadow centrally................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ P. yugong

18 Appendix of genital bulb hooked ( Fig. 32H ); pore plates of epigynum relatively close ( Fig. 32B ) ....... P. paralinzhou

- Appendix of genital bulb short rod-shaped ( Fig. 25G ); pore plates of epigynum relatively far apart ( Fig. 25B ).......... ........................................................................................................................................................................ P. linzhou

19 Male genital bulb without appendix; epigynum with small nipple-shaped apophysis .............................................. 20

- Male genital bulb with distinct appendix; epigynum with necktie-, knob- or club-shaped apophysis ...................... 28

20. Male palpal trochanter width equal to or more than half as long as palpal femur .................................................... 21

- Male palpal trochanter width distinctly less than half as long as palpal femur ......................................................... 22

21 Uncus of genital bulb ear-shaped ( Fig. 37H ); epigynum with nearly triangular pore plates ( Fig. 37B ) ... P. phoenixus

- Uncus of genital bulb triangular ( Fig. 12F ); epigynum with oval pore plates ( Fig. 12C ) ................................ P. gaoi

22 Uncus of genital bulb ear-shaped .............................................................................................................................. 23

- Uncus of genital bulb mushroom-shaped ................................................................................................................... 24

23 Male palpal procursus with hook-shaped projection on tip and long forked-tongue-shaped apophysis near tip ( Fig. 24G ); epigynum with kidney-shaped pore plates ( Fig. 24C )..................................................................... P. lingulatus

- Male palpal procursus with spine-shaped projection on tip and short forked-tongue-shaped apophysis near tip ( Fig. 48I ); epigynum with teardrop-shaped pore plates ( Fig. 48B ).............................................................. P. sublingulatus

24 Tip of proximolateral apophyses of male chelicerae sightly biforked ...................................................................... 25

- Tip of proximolateral apophyses of male chelicerae not biforked ............................................................................ 26

25 Edge of uncus of genital bulb with distinctly rectangular projection ( Fig. 64H ); epigynum with kidney-shaped pore plates ( Fig. 64B ).............................................................................................................................................. P. zhuolu

- Edge of bulb uncus of genital bulb without rectangular projection ( Fig. 35G ); epigynum with oval pore plates ( Fig. 35B ) ............................................................................................................................................................ P. pennatus

26 Tip of male palpal procursus pointed, with distinct spine-shaped apophysis ............................................................. 27

- Tip of male palpal procursus not pointed, with several apophyses ( Fig. 6G ) ..................................... P. clavimaculatus

27 Uncus of genital bulb relatively small, nearly triangular ( Fig. 1F ); epigynum with teardrop-shaped pore plates ( Fig. 1B ) ......................................................................................................................................................... P. alloctospilus

- Uncus of genital bulb relatively large, nearly semicircular ( Fig. 11H ); epigynum with oval pore plates ( Fig. 11B ) .... .................................................................................................................................................................... P. fengcheng

28. Pattern of carapace distinctly ‘butterfly’ type ............................................................................................................ 29

- Pattern of carapace ‘Peking-opera-mask’ type ........................................................................................................... 39

29 Male palpal femur without dorsal projection retrolaterally ....................................................................................... 30

- Male palpal femur with dorsal projection retrolaterally ( Figs. 47G , 56I and 62G ) ................................................... 32

30 Male palpal trochanter width equal to or more than half as long as palpal femur; epigynum with necktie- or short club-shaped apophysis ............................................................................................................................................... 31

- Male palpal trochanter width distinctly less than half as long as palpal femur ( Fig. 63I ); epigynum with funnelshaped apophysis ( Fig. 63A ) ........................................................................................................................ P. zhangae 31 Tip of ventral apophysis of male palpal trochanter biforked ( Fig. 46I ); epigynum with necktie-shaped apophysis ( Fig. 46A ) ..................................................................................................................................................... P. songxian

Figures

FIGURE 1. Pholcus alloctospilus Zhu & Gong, 1991 (illustrations modified from Zhu & Gong 1991). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male prosoma, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–G), 0.2mm (D).

FIGURE 2. Pholcus beijingensis Zhu & Song, 1999 (illustrations modified from Song et al. 1999). A. female prosoma, dorsal view. B. female opisthosoma, lateral view. C. epigynum, ventral view. D. same, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. G. left palp, prolateral view. H. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (A, B), 0.5mm (C–E, G–H), 0.2mm (F).

FIGURE 4. Pholcus bidentatus Zhu, Zhang, Zhang & Chen, 2005 (illustrations modified from Zhu et al. 2005). A. female body, dorsal view. B. epigynum, ventral view. C. same, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. E. left palp, prolateral view. F. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (A), 0.5mm (B, C, E, F), 0.2mm (D).

FIGURE 6. Pholcus clavimaculatus Zhu & Song, 1999 (illustrations C–H, modified from Song et al. 1999, and A, B modified from Zhang & Zhang, 2000). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. D. male prosoma, dorsal view. E. male opisthosoma, lateral view. F. male left chelicera, frontal view. G. left palp, prolateral view. H. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (D, E), 0.5mm (A, B, F–H), 0.2mm (C).

FIGURE 10. Pholcus elongatus (Yin & Wang, 1981) (illustrations modified from Song et al. 1999). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. same, lateral view. D. male prosoma, dorsal view. E. male opisthosoma, lateral view. F. male left chelicera, frontal view. G. left palp, prolateral view. H. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (D, E), 0.5mm (A–C, F–H)

FIGURE 11. Pholcus fengcheng sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left procursus, dorsal view. H. left palp, prolateral view. I. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–I), 0.2mm (D).

FIGURE 12. Pholcus gaoi Song & Ren, 1994 (illustrations modified from Song & Ren 1994). A. female prosoma, dorsal view. B. epigynum, ventral view. C. same, dorsal view. D. male left chelicera, frontal view. E. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (A), 0.5mm (B–D, F, G), 0.2mm (E).

FIGURE 14. Pholcus gui Zhu & Song, 1999 (illustrations, C, D, G, I, J modified from Song et al. 1999). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. female opisthosoma, lateral view. D. male prosoma, dorsal view. E. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. F. tip of left appendix, retrolaterodorsal view. G. male left chelicera, frontal view. H. left procursus, dorsal view. I. left palp, prolateral view. J. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C, D), 0.5mm (A, B, G–J), 0.2mm (E, F).

FIGURE 16. Pholcus henanensis Zhu & Mao, 1983. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. D. left palp, prolateral view. E. same, retrolateral view. F. left procursus, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5mm (A–F).

FIGURE 19. Pholcus jixianensis Zhu & Yu, 1983. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. D. left procursus, dorsal view. E. left palp, prolateral view. F. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5mm (A–F).

FIGURE 21. Pholcus kimi Song & Zhu, 1994 (illustrations modified from Zhang et al. 2005). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male left chelicera, frontal view. D. male body, dorsal view. E. male sternum, ventral view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (D), 0.5mm (A–C, E–G).

FIGURE 24. Pholcus lingulatus Gao, Gao & Zhu, 2002 (illustrations modified from Gao, Gao & Zhu 2002). A. female body, dorsal view. B. epigynum, ventral view. C. same, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left palp, prolateral view. H. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (A), 0.5mm (B, C, E–I), 0.2mm (D).

FIGURE 25. Pholcus linzhou Zhang & Zhang, 2000 (illustrations modified from Zhang & Zhang 2000). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left palp, prolateral view. H. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A–B, D–H).

FIGURE 27. Pholcus medog Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2006 (illustrations modified from Zhang et al. 2006). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. male left chelicera, frontal view. E. male sternum, ventral view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, D–G).

FIGURE 28. Pholcus mengla Song & Zhu, 1999 (illustrations modified from Song et al. 1999). A. female prosoma, dorsal view. B. female opisthosoma, lateral view. C. epigynum, ventral view. D. same, dorsal view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (A, B), 0.5mm (C, D).

FIGURE 29. Pholcus mianshanensis sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left procursus, dorsal view. H. left palp, prolateral view. I. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–I), 0.2mm (D).

FIGURE 30. Pholcus oculosus Zhang & Zhang, 2000 (illustrations modified from Zhang & Zhang 2000). A. male body, dorsal view. B. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. C. male left chelicera, frontal view. D. left palp, prolateral view. E. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (A), 0.5mm (B–E).

FIGURE 32. Pholcus paralinzhou sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left procursus, dorsal view. H. left palp, prolateral view. I. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, D–I).

FIGURE 35. Pholcus pennatus Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2005 (illustrations modified from Zhang et al. 2005). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left palp, prolateral view. H. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–H), 0.2mm (D).

FIGURE 37. Pholcus phoenixus sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left procursus, dorsal view. H. left palp, prolateral view. I. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–I), 0.2mm (D).

FIGURE 39. Pholcus podophthalmus Simon, 1893 (illustrations modified from Song et al. 1999). A. male body, dorsal view. B. male prosoma, frontal view. C. left palp, prolateral view. D. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (A), 0.5mm (B–D).

FIGURE 46. Pholcus songxian sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left procursus, dorsal view. H. left palp, prolateral view. I. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–I), 0.2mm (D).

FIGURE 47. Pholcus spilis Zhu & Gong, 1991 (illustrations modified from Zhu & Gong 1991). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male prosoma, dorsal view. D. male left chelicera, frontal view. E. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, D, F, G), 0.2mm (E).

FIGURE 48. Pholcus sublingulatus sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. male left chelicera, frontal view. E. male left chelicera, lateral view. F. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. G. male sternum, ventral view. H. left procursus, dorsal view. I. left palp, prolateral view. J. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, D, E, G–J), 0.2mm (F).

FIGURE 53. Pholcus taishan Song & Zhu, 1999 (illustrations modified from Song et al. 1999). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. male C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. E. left chelicera, frontal view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, D–G).

FIGURE 54. Pholcus triangulatus Zhang & Zhang, 2000 (illustrations modified from Zhang & Zhang 1999). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–G), 0.2mm (D).

FIGURE 55. Pholcus wuyiensis Zhu & Gong, 1991 (illustrations modified from Zhu & Gong 1991). A. female body, dorsal view. B. epigynum, ventral view. C. same, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, retrolaterodorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (A), 0.5mm (B, C, E–G), 0.2mm (D).

FIGURE 56. Pholcus xinjiangensis Hu & Wu, 1989. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left procursus, dorsal view. H. left palp, prolateral view. I. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–I), 0.2mm (D).

FIGURE 61. Pholcus yugong sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left procursus, dorsal view. H. left palp, prolateral view. I. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, D–I).

FIGURE 62. Pholcus zham Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2006 (illustrations modified from Zhang et al. 2006). A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. male left chelicera, frontal view. E. male sternum, ventral view. F. left palp, prolateral view. G. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, D–G).

FIGURE 63. Pholcus zhangae sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. male left chelicera, frontal view. E. male left chelicera, lateral view. F. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. G. male sternum, ventral view. H. left procursus, dorsal view. I. left palp, prolateral view. J. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, D, E, G–J), 0.2mm (F).

FIGURE 64. Pholcus zhuolu sp. nov. A. epigynum, ventral view. B. same, dorsal view. C. male body, dorsal view. D. trochanter of male left palp, dorsal view. E. male left chelicera, frontal view. F. male sternum, ventral view. G. left procursus, dorsal view. H. left palp, prolateral view. I. same, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0mm (C), 0.5mm (A, B, E–I), 0.2mm (D).