Fraseroscyphus hozawai (Stechow, 1931) Stechow, 1931

Song, Xikun, Xiao, Zefeng, Gravili, Cinzia, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Mackenzie, Melanie, Wang, Shaoqing, Chen, Jinjing, Yu, Nan & Wang, Jianjun, 2016, Worldwide revision of the genus Fraseroscyphus Boero and Bouillon, 1993 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa): an integrative approach to establish new generic diagnoses, Zootaxa 4168 (1), pp. 1-37 : 15-19

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4168.1.1

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4869692E-590E-4A7F-8632-C4CFDC7A5AC6

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5696902

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC514D-652E-FFE1-A28E-E7BDFC52F89B

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Fraseroscyphus hozawai (Stechow, 1931)
status

comb. nov.

Fraseroscyphus hozawai (Stechow, 1931) View in CoL comb. nov.

( Figures 3 View FIGURE 3 A–C, H–I, L–O, 4, 7)

Sertularella sp.? — Inaba, 1890: 293, figs. 26–28.

? Sertularella hesperia Torrey, 1902: 63 View in CoL , pl. 7, figs. 57–58.

Sertularella solidula — Stechow, 1913: 136, figs. 108–110.

Symplectoscyphus indivisus — Stechow, 1923: 12.

Symplectoscyphus hozawai Stechow, 1931: 179 View in CoL , fig. 4.— Stechow & Uchida, 1931: 551, fig. 4.— Ling, 1938: 359, fig. 18.— Yamada, 1955: 17, fig. 1.— Rho, 1967: 355, fig. 17, pl. 1, fig. 7; 1969: 10.— Rho & Chang, 1974: 12.— Park & Rho, 1986: 10.— Park, 1990: 80; 1992: 289; 1993: 269; 2010: 115, figs. 64a–c.—Hirohito, 1995: 220, figs. 74a–h, pl. 12, fig. D.— Ruthensteiner et al., 2008: 24.— Tang & Gao, 2008: 318.— Xu et al., 2012: 306; 2014: 682, figs. 580A–B.

Sertularella sinuosa Fraser, 1948: 245 View in CoL , pl. 28, figs. 20a–d (syn. nov.).— Calder et al., 2009: 988.

Dynamena hozawai — Yamada, 1959: 55.

Symplectoscyphus huanghaiensis Tang & Huang, 1986: 317 View in CoL , figs. 1a–d (syn. nov.); 1987: 291, fig. 1a–d.— Tang & Gao, 2008: 318.— Xu et al., 2012: 306.

Fraseroscyphus sinuosus View in CoL — Boero & Bouillon, 1993: 1061, figs. 1A–D. Cairns et al., 2002: 25, 59.

Symplectoscyphus sinuosus View in CoL — Cairns et al., 2002: 25.

Fraseroscyphus huanghaiensis View in CoL — Xu et al., 2014: 659, figs. 548A–C.

Type locality. Oma-shimote , Mutsu Bay, Japan.

Type material of Symplectoscyphus hozawai Stechow, 1931 . Three syntypes, attached to a shell of the gastropod Haliotis gigantea Gmelin, 1791 , no gonothecae, no clinging organ, Mutsu-Bay , Oma-Shimote, Japan, 1927. VIII. 18, S. Hozawa. Details: —ZSM 2004 0 228 ( Figure 3 View FIGURE 3 A), lectotype, ethanol stored, formalin fixed, one colony.—ZSM 20041654 ( Figure 3 View FIGURE 3 B), paralectotype, three fragments.—ZSM 20041655 ( Figure 3 View FIGURE 3 C), paralectotype, one fragment.

Type material of Sertularella sinuosa Fraser, 1948 . Lectotype designated by Calder et al. (2009): Lectotype, SBMNH 347307 About SBMNH ( AHF Holotype No. 95, Figure 3 View FIGURE 3 L), ethanol stored, formalin fixed, off San Pedro, California , USA, no other collection data, one colony, detached from substrate, with two gonothecae, with a clinging organ.— Paralectotype, SBMNH 369460 About SBMNH ( Figure 4 View FIGURE 4 S), ethanol stored, formalin fixed, five colonies, on coralline algae, with a gonotheca, no clinging organ, collection data as for lectotype above.

Type material of Symplectoscyphus huanghaiensis Tang & Huang, 1986 . — Holotype, MBM 102663 View Materials ( Figure 3 View FIGURE 3 N–O), ethanol stored, formalin fixed, comprising one nematocyst slide, one colony with eight female gonothecae, one with acrocyst, no clinging organ, collected from intertidal zone creeping on the seaweed Sargassum, Hui Island, Yantai, southern coast of Shandong Peninsula, Yellow Sea , 1982 . X.7, Zhican Tang.

Californian specimens. — MBM 280124 View Materials , ethanol stored, formalin fixed, comprising six nematocyst slides, one colony with 10 female gonothecae and three clinging organs, attached to coralline algae, Horseshoe Cove, Bodega Bay , Sonoma County, California, 38.3000ºN, 123.0500ºW, 6 m, 1983 GoogleMaps . V.4, Ferdinando Boero.— CASIZ 14588 , ethanol stored, formalin fixed, three colonies with 12 clinging organs, no gonothecae, China Point, Monterey County, California, 1923. IV, Wallace. CASIZ 14589 , ethanol stored, formalin fixed, two fragments, one male gonotheca, San Diego County, California, 1913, Wallace, re-examination based on images taken by Christina Piotrowski and Kelly Markello (California Academy of Sciences ), originally identified as Sertularella tricuspidata (Alder, 1856) .

Chinese specimens.— MBM 185675 View Materials , ethanol stored, formalin fixed, one colony, no gonothecae, 13 clinging organs, Pingshan Island, Lianyungang, Yellow Sea, 35.1667ºN, 119.8667ºE, 1–5 m, creeping on algae, 1975 GoogleMaps . XII.17, Yulin Liao.— MBM 185532 View Materials , ethanol stored, formalin fixed, one colony, no gonothecae, one of the hydrocladia originating from hydrotheca cavity, 12 clinging organs, intertidal zone, Huiquan Bay , Qingdao, Yellow Sea, 36.0441ºN, 120.3358ºE, 1–5 m, 1981 GoogleMaps . XI.14, Zhican Tang.— MBM 280006 View Materials , ethanol sample, comprising six nematocyst slides,10 colonies, no gonothecae, with abundant clinging organs, collected from intertidal zone, creeping on seaweed, Huiquan Bay , Qingdao, Yellow Sea, 36.0547ºN, 120.3349ºE, 2014 GoogleMaps . VII.26, Xikun Song.— MBM 280007 View Materials , ethanol sample, three colonies, no gonothecae, no clinging organ, collected from intertidal zone, creeping on seaweed, Taiping Bay , Qingdao, Yellow Sea, 36.0476ºN, 120.3425ºE, 2014 GoogleMaps . VII.25, Xikun Song.— MBM 280015 View Materials , ethanol sample, one colony, no gonothecae, with clinging organs, collected from intertidal zone, creeping on seaweed, Huiquan Bay , Qingdao, Yellow Sea, 36.0564ºN, 120.3309ºE, 2012 GoogleMaps . VIII.3, Xikun Song , Jinjing Chen , and Ning Yuan.— MBM 280266 View Materials , ethanol sample, comprising two nematocyst slides, three colonies, no gonothecae, no clinging organ, attached to seaweeds, intertidal zone, Huiquan Bay , Qingdao, Yellow Sea, 36.0547ºN, 120.3349ºE, 1–5 m, 2012 GoogleMaps . VIII.4, Xikun Song , Jinjing Chen and Ning Yuan.— MBM 280267 View Materials , ethanol sample, comprising two nematocyst slides, two colonies, no gonothecae, no clinging organ, intertidal zone, Huiquan Bay , Qingdao, Yellow Sea, 36.0547ºN, 120.3349ºE, 1–5 m, attached to algae, 2012 GoogleMaps . VIII.3, Xikun Song , Jinjing Chen and Ning Yuan.— MBM 280291 View Materials , ethanol sample, two colonies, a hydrocladium origin from within the hydrothecal cavity, no gonothecae, no clinging organ, attached to seaweeds, east Zhu Island, Rushan , Weihai, Yellow Sea, 36.7315ºN, 121.5998ºE, 1–5 m, 2013 GoogleMaps . VIII.3, Zhongmin Sun.— MBM 280292 View Materials , ethanol sample, two colonies, no gonothecae, no clinging organ, attached to algae and bryozoans, intertidal zone, Huiquan Bay , Qingdao, Yellow Sea, 36.0547ºN, 120.3349ºE, 2012 GoogleMaps . VIII.4, Xikun Song , Jinjing Chen and Ning Yuan.

Measurements. Full details are given in Table 6.

Species Collecting locality Internode Hydrothecal Gonotheca (mm) Nematocyte

(mm) abcauline Height, width, distal capsule (µm) length, width neck length Type I (length, (mm) width); type II (length, width)

F. hozawai California (type) 0.33–0.43 0.36–0.39, – –

0.12–0.16

California (CASIZ) 0.34–0.47 0.34–0.48, Ƌ, 1.52, 0.59, 0.19 –

0.09–0.23

California 0.34–0.50 0.34–0.55, ♀, 1.25–1.68, 0.59–0.86, 6.5–8.0,1.5–2.2; (MBM 280124) 0.16–0.23 0.16–0.36 3.4–5.8, 1.4–1.8 China ('type') 0.30–0.45 0.30–0.41, ♀, 1.23–1.36, 0.43–0.70, 8.7–9.4, 2.8–3.0; 0.16–0.17 0.23–0.25 5.2–5.8, 1.6–1.9 Japan ('type') 0.25–0.43 0.32–0.34, absent –

0.13–0.18

Korea ( Park 2010) 0.22–0.25 0.31–0.38, Ƌ, 1.35, 0.63, 0.15 –

0.10–0.17

F. macrogonus New Zealand (type) 0.24–0.50 0.26–0.34, Ƌ, 1.20–1.72, 0.63–1.10, 11.0–12.8, 2.5–3.8; 0.12–0.16 0.13–0.18 4.1–4.6, 1.2–1.8 F. irregularis New Zealand (type) 0.11–0.27 0.20–0.27, Ƌ, 1.14–1.20, 0.51–0.80, 8.8–9.8, 1.5–2.4; 0.10–0.16 0–0.09; 4.3–5.1, 1.4–1.6 ♀, 1.06–1.21, 0.53–0.65,

0.06–0.09

Description. Trophosome. Colonies creeping on algae ( Figure 4 View FIGURE 4 A) or bryozoans, perisarc thick, hydrocaulus monosiphonic, erect, slightly zigzag, with one to two transverse annulations at base, unbranched or infrequently branched ( Figure 4 View FIGURE 4 B), hydrocladium growing directly out of hydrocaulus, no apophysis ( Figure 4 View FIGURE 4 B) or origin from within the hydrothecal cavity; hydrocaulus and hydrocladium with regular and oblique nodes, each internode slightly constricted at the end and bearing a hydrotheca. Hydrothecae generally arranged alternately in two, lateral, longitudinal rows, almost in one plane ( Figure 4 View FIGURE 4 E–G, J) or sometimes forming an angle ranging from 60º to 90º ( Figure 4 View FIGURE 4 C–D); hydrotheca tubular, curving outwards proximally, then upwards distally, almost perpendicular to hydrocaulus, with fine transverse lines on surface ( Figures 3 View FIGURE 3 L–M, 4P–R), a third to two thirds of adcauline part adnate, margin with three cusps, one adcauline and two lateral abcauline, abcauline cusps much larger; no intrathecal teeth observed; operculum composed of three flaps forming a pyramid, the abcauline flaps are much larger; retracted hydranth with poorly developed abcauline caecum ( Figure 4 View FIGURE 4 S–T).

Clinging organ. Clinging organs irregularly splayed on mature hydrocauli, like rayed hemispherical disks, each composed of two to six repeated dichotomous lobes of varying developmental stages ( Figure 4 View FIGURE 4 K–N), opening distally with very thin perisarc ( Figure 4 View FIGURE 4 M–N); each lobe can elongate and divide into secondary lobes in a mature clinging organ ( Figure 4 View FIGURE 4 N). Accompanying each clinging organ, one to six annulations usually located on and near node ( Figure 4 View FIGURE 4 L–N), hydrothecae becoming infrequent and tending to arrange irregularly, e.g., forming an angle ranging from 60º to 90º.

Gonosome. Gonotheca pedicellate, all gonothecae examined in this study origin from within the hydrothecal cavity at the lower part of hydrocaulus ( Figure 4 View FIGURE 4 E–J), with fine lines on some regions of the surface ( Figures 3 View FIGURE 3 N– O, 4F, I), with a short distal neck. Male gonotheca ( Figure 4 View FIGURE 4 E–F) long, orbicular ovate with short, wide neck, female gonotheca cylindrical ( Figures 3 View FIGURE 3 N–O, 4G–J) with a long, thin neck.

Nematocysts. Two types, only varying in length ( Figures 3 View FIGURE 3 H–I, 4U–X), capsules spindle-shaped. Discharged nematocysts of both types ( Figure 3 View FIGURE 3 I) have a well-developed shaft and thread (Chinese samples). Spines cannot be clearly identified using light microscopy.

Distribution. Only reported from the temperate regions of the eastern and western sides of the North Pacific ( Figure 7 View FIGURE 7 ), distributed near the coast at depths of 1– 20 m. Northwest coast of the Pacific: Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, China ( Lin 1938; Tang & Huang 1986; Tang & Gao 2008; Xu et al. 2012); Daejin, Jumunjin, Imwon, Pohang, Mipo, Mijori, Yeonhwado, Yejakdo, Dolsan Bangjukpo, Jindo Hoedong, Jeopdo, Dolsan, Jindo, Jeopdo, Daedundo, Biin, Seogwipo, Supseom, Korea ( Rho 1967; Park 2010); Mutsu Bay, Oma-Shimote, Sagami Bay, Japan ( Inaba 1890, Stechow 1913, 1923, 1931; Stechow & Uchida 1931; Yamada 1959; Hirohito 1995; Ruthensteiner et al. 2008). Northeast coast of the Pacific: Off San Pedro, California, Santa Rosa Island; Smugglers Cove, Santa Cruz Island; Cat Rock, Anacapa Island; Laguna Beach, low tide; White Cove, Santa Catalina Island; off San Nicolas Island; west of Dutch Harbor; Tanner Bank; off Point Loma; South Bay, Cedros Island; north of Dewey Channel, Lower California; Dewey Channel, opposite San Eugenio Point; Horseshoe Cove, Bodega Bay, Sonoma County, California ( Torrey 1902; Fraser 1948; Boero & Bouillon 1993; Calder et al. 2009).

Lectotype designation. —Lectotype, ZSM 20040228 ( Figure 3 View FIGURE 3 A), an infertile colony in ethanol (the largest colony of the syntypes).—Paralectotype, four infertile fragments on slide ZSM 20041654 and ZSM 20041655 ( Figure 3 View FIGURE 3 B–C).

Remarks. We synonymise Sertularella sinuosa Fraser, 1948 and Symplectoscyphus huanghaiensis Tang & Huang, 1986 with Fraseroscyphus hozawai (Stechow, 1931) , after having examined the type material and some specimens from type localities, because they share the same characters of hydrotheca, gonotheca and clinging organ, and have the same nematocyst capsule types. Sertularella hesperia Torrey, 1902 (type locality, California) is a possible doubtful synonym for F. ho z a w a i, because its appearance in the original description matches the morphology of the trophosome in the type material of Sertularella sinuosa (synonym of F. hozawai ). In its original description, Torrey (1902) noted the morphological differences between Sertularella hesperia and Symplectoscyphus tricuspidatus , and provided an illustration (Figure 58) for a fragment with characteristic features. However, the remaining illustrations of the hydrothecae (Figure 57) were easily confused with S. tricuspidatus . Nutting (1904) compared Torrey's description with his S. tricuspidatus samples, and considered them as synonymous. Unfortunately, the type material of S. hesperia could not be found in the invertebrate collections of the University of California (Berkeley) and Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences (CASIZ). Therefore, the relationship of S. hesperia with F. hozawai remains unknown.

As a result of these synonyms, the current distribution of F. hozawai comprises the temperate regions of both the east and west coast of the Northern Pacific, showing a transoceanic distribution pattern. Samples from each side vary slightly and can be distinguished into separate populations: the hydrothecae and gonothecae from the eastern population are slightly larger, while the dominant nematocyst type (type I) is slightly smaller; moreover, lines on the western population are much more common and dense.

All gonothecae examined in this study arise from within the hydrothecal cavity. Inaba (1890, Figure 27) drew two gonothecae for this species (as Sertularella sp.?), which might be the only reported samples with gonothecae growing directly out of the hydrocaulus. Unfortunately, Inaba (1890) did not draw the pedicle of the gonothecae clearly. This character should be checked when examining future samples.

SBMNH

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

AHF

Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California

MBM

San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammals

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Cnidaria

Class

Hydrozoa

Order

Leptothecata

Family

Sertulariidae

Genus

Fraseroscyphus

Loc

Fraseroscyphus hozawai (Stechow, 1931)

Song, Xikun, Xiao, Zefeng, Gravili, Cinzia, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Mackenzie, Melanie, Wang, Shaoqing, Chen, Jinjing, Yu, Nan & Wang, Jianjun 2016
2016
Loc

Fraseroscyphus huanghaiensis

Xu 2014: 659
2014
Loc

Symplectoscyphus sinuosus

Cairns 2002: 25
2002
Loc

Fraseroscyphus sinuosus

Cairns 2002: 25
Boero 1993: 1061
1993
Loc

Symplectoscyphus huanghaiensis

Xu 2012: 306
Tang 2008: 318
Tang 1986: 317
1986
Loc

Dynamena hozawai

Yamada 1959: 55
1959
Loc

Sertularella sinuosa

Calder 2009: 988
Fraser 1948: 245
1948
Loc

Symplectoscyphus hozawai

Xu 2012: 306
Ruthensteiner 2008: 24
Tang 2008: 318
Park 1990: 80
Park 1986: 10
Rho 1974: 12
Rho 1967: 355
Yamada 1955: 17
Ling 1938: 359
Stechow 1931: 551
1931
Loc

Symplectoscyphus indivisus

Stechow 1923: 12
1923
Loc

Sertularella solidula

Stechow 1913: 136
1913
Loc

Sertularella hesperia

Torrey 1902: 63
1902
Loc

Sertularella

Inaba 1890: 293
1890
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