Molgula manhattensis ( De Kay, 1843 )

Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun & Shin, Sook, 2012, Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *, Zootaxa 3368 (1), pp. 211-228 : 220-222

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B587A1-FFEB-0869-FF03-509C08EF919E
treatment provided by	Felipe (2021-08-24 07:13:13, last updated by Plazi 2023-11-04 15:37:56)
scientific name	Molgula manhattensis ( De Kay, 1843 )
status

Treatment

4. Molgula manhattensis ( De Kay, 1843) View in CoL

( Figs. 2D View FIGURE 2 , 5 View FIGURE 5 , Table 3)

Ascidea manhattensis De Kay, 1843: 259 . Caesira manhattensis: Van Name, 1912: 471 View in CoL , figs. 4, 5, pl. 45, figs. 11-15, pl.71, figs. 151, 152 Molgula manhattensis: Berrill, 1928: 163 View in CoL ; Van Name, 1945: 385, figs. 271-273; Tokioka & Kado, 1972: 21; Lambert &

Lambert, 1998: 675; Stachowicz et al., 2002: 2576; Carman et al., 2007: 175; Hiscock, 2008: 3823; Carman & Grunden,

2010: 23; Haydar et al., 2011: 68; Sanamyan & Monniot, 2011c: 103788.

Materials examined. 35 inds., Mokpo , 26 June 2010, Lee T, fish trap at 2.5 m depth ; 47 inds., Gunsan , 27 June 2010, Shin S, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth ; 84 inds., Mokpo , 21 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, fish trap at 2.1 m depth ; 26 inds., Gunsan , 22 Oct. 2010, Shin S, under floating dock at 0.1 m depth ; 41 inds., Incheon, 22 Oct. 2010, Lee T, ropes at 3.2 m depth ; 12 inds., Gwangyang , 26 June 2011, Lee T, fish trap at 3.4 m depth ; 56 inds., Mokpo , 26 June 2011, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth ; 33 inds., Incheon, 27 June 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 2.7 m depth ; 6 inds., Songjeong , 19 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, dock wall at 1.1 m depth ; 7 inds., Busan, 19 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth ; 12 inds., Dadaepo , 19 Oct. 2011, Shin S, ropes at 2.2 m depth ; 35 inds., Mokpo , 20 Oct. 2011, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.1 m depth ; 21 inds., Incheon, 21 Oct. 2011, Shin S, ropes at 3.8 m depth .

Description. Body commonly ovoid shaped ( Fig. 5A–C, L View FIGURE 5 ). Tunic thick, grayish or greenish color, semitransparent, sometimes covered with debris and fibrils; visceral organs observed by naked eye on each side. Oral siphon 6 lobed, positioned at anterior part of body ( Fig. 5G View FIGURE 5 ). Six to eight tentacles surround opening of oral siphon into pharynx ( Fig. 5H View FIGURE 5 ), and each tentacle irregularly branched 7–16 ramification. Atrial siphon 4 lobed, positioned closed beside oral siphon less than 5 mm ( Fig. 5G View FIGURE 5 ). Dorsal tubercle C-shaped or horseshoe-shaped groove ( Fig. 5I View FIGURE 5 ). Branchial sac with six folds, on each side curved and spirally arranged stigmata ( Figs. 5J, K View FIGURE 5 ). Muscles well developed around siphons. Endostyle extended from base of oral siphon to posterior of pharynx. Gut positioned on left side of branchial sac ( Fig. 5E View FIGURE 5 ). Stomach narrow, small, completely hidden by large conspicuous pyloric gland, but not exactly marked off from rest of gut. Intestine tapering from end of stomach, gonad in second gut loop. Renal sac positioned beneath gonads on body wall of right side, slightly curved ( Fig. 5D View FIGURE 5 ). Gonads located on each side, consist of testis and ovary surrounded by testis; right gonad deflected, positioned parallel with renal sac and at right angle with left gonad ( Figs. 5D, E View FIGURE 5 ). Oviduct short, extends toward atrial siphon.

Size. Individuals measured up to 24 mm long and usually attached to ropes and hard substrates by posterior part; usual size is 15–20 mm.

Distribution. Native to Northeast America from Maine to Texas. Northeast Atlantic ( Norway to Portugal), Northeast Pacific (Puget Sound, San Juan Archipelago, Vancouver Island, California), South Australia, Tasmania, China, Japan, and Korea ( Korea Strait, Yellow Sea).

Remarks. Molgula manhattensis ( De Kay, 1843) was first described from New York harbor. Its distribution in Northwest Atlantic extends from Cape Cod to Southern Louisiana interrupted by the Florida peninsula ( Van Name 1945). Although its European distribution extends from Norway to Portugal, it is patchy ( Monniot 1969). The inferred anthropogenic vectors for these introductions were hull fouling and oyster translocations ( Tokioka & Kado 1972; Cohen & Carlton 1996), and possibly ballast water ( Hewitt et al. 2004). This species was first found in Mokpo, Gunsan and Incheon of Yellow Sea, Korea in June 2010 and was found spread out at Songjeong, Busan and Dadaepo of Korea Strait in 2011 ( Table 3).

References

Berrill, N. J. (1928) The Identification and Validity of Certain Species of Ascidians. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 159 - 175.

Carman, M. R., Bullard, S. G. & Donnelly J. P. (2007) Water quality, nitrogen pollution, and ascidian diversity in coastal waters of southern Massachusetts, USA, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 342, 175 - 178.

Carman, M. R. & Grunden, D. W. (2010) First occurrence of the invasive tunicate Didemnum vexillum in eelgrass habitat. Aquatic Invasions, 5, 23 - 29.

Cohen, A. N. & Carlton, J. T. (1996) Nonindigenous aquatic species in a United States estuary: a case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. United States Fish and Wildlife service, Washington D. C. & the National Sea Grant College Program, Connecticut Sea Grant (NOAA Grant Number NA 36 RG 0467), 1 - 218.

De Kay, J. E. (1843) Zoology of New York, or the New York fauna, part. 5, Mollusca. Albany, 271 pp.

Haydar, D., Hoarau, G., Olsen, J. L., Stam, W. T. & Wolff, W. J. (2011) Indroduced or glacial relict? phylogeography of the cryptogenic tunicate Molgula mangattensis (Ascidiacea, Pleurogona). Diversity and Distributions, 17, 68 - 80.

Hewitt, C. L., Campbell, M. L., Thresher, R. E., Martin, R. B., Boyd, S., Cohen, B. F., Currie, D. R., Gomon, M. F., Keough, M. J., Lewis, J. A., Lockett, M. M., Mays, N., McArthur, M. A., O'Hara, T. D., Poore, G. C. B., Ross, D. J., Storey, M. J., Watson, J. E. & Wilson, R. S. (2004) Introduced and cryptogenic species in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Marine Biology, 144, 183 - 202.

Hiscock, K. (2008) Molgula manhattensis. Sea grapes. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Available from http: // www. marlin. ac. uk / speciesfullr eview. php? speciesID = 3823 / (accessed 10 / 01 / 2011)

Lambert, C. C. & Lambert, G. (1998) Non-indigenous ascidians in southern California harbours and marinas. Marine Biology, 130, 675 - 688.

Monniot, C. (1969) Les Molgulidae des mers Europeennes. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle - Serie A, Zoologie, 60, 172 - 272.

Sanamyan, K. & Monniot, C. (2011 c) Molgula manhattensis (De Kay, 1843). Available from http: // www. marinespecies. org / ascidiacea / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 103788 (accessed 15 January 2011)

Stachowicz, J. J., Fried, H., Osman, R. W. & Whitlatch, B. B. (2002) Biodiversity, Invasion Resistance, and Marine Ecosystem Function: Reconcling Pattern and Process. The Ecological Society of America, 2575 - 2590.

Tokioka, T. & Kado, Y. (1972) The occurrence of Molgula manhattensis (de Kay) in brackish water near Hiroshima, Japan. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University, 21, 21 - 29.

Van Name, W. G. (1912) Simple ascidians of the coasts of New England and neighboring British provinces. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 34, 439 - 619.

Van Name, W. G. (1945) The North and South American ascidians. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History, 84, 1 - 476.

Figures

FIGURE 2. Five invasive alien ascidians at four collection sites in Korea: A, C. lepadiformis attached to dock wall at 4.7 m depth in Busan port; B, A. aspersa attached to ropes at Tongyeong yacht marina; C, C. intestinalis attached on thick cloth at Gampo harbor; D, M. manhattensis attached on floating buoy at Mokpo yacht marina; E, S. plicata attached to rope at Tongyeong yacht marina. Scale bars: A–E. 10 cm.

FIGURE 5. Molgula manhattensis: A, C, Individuals densely aggregated on a rope; B, Individuals on a fish trap; D, Right side; E, Left side; F, Sagittal section of branchial sac; G, Oral and Atrial siphon; H, Tentacles; I, Dorsal tubercle; J, Six folds of branchial sac; K, Stigmata; L, Individuals attached to fish trap. 1—oral siphon, 2—atrial siphon, 3—tentacles, 4—dorsal tubercle, 5—folds of branchial sac, 6—stigmata, 7—intestine, 8—gonads, 9—renal sac, 10—tunic, 11—endostyle. Scale bars: A–B. 50 mm; C–F, L. 5 mm; G–K. 1 mm.