Schoenobiinae Duponchel, 1844

Chen, Fu-Qiang & Wu, Chun-Sheng, 2014, Taxonomic review of the subfamily Schoenobiinae (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) from China, Zoological Systematics 39 (2), pp. 163-208 : 165-168

Schoenobiinae Duponchel, 1844

Schoenobidae Duponchel, 1844 . Cat. Meth. Lepid. Euro., 1844: 311. Type genus: Schoenobius Duponchel, 1836 . Hist. Nat. Lepid. Fr., 10: 8, 22.

Schoenobiinae : Ragonot, 1891. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1891: 455.

Diagnosis. The subfamily can be diagnosed by the reduction of proboscis, the presence of vein CuP on the forewing, the scale-tuft on the seventh abdominal sternite and the coremata in male.

Redescription of Schoenobiinae ( Common, 1960; Lewvanich, 1981a; Wang, 1980; Chen et al., 2006–2007). Head. Frons usually round. Compound eyes large and round. Two ocelli present at posterior area of antennae. Chaetosema present at posterior area of ocelli. Antennae filiform and ciliated, weakly serrated, thinner in female than that in male. Proboscis always reduced. Labial and maxillary palpi well developed, usually porrect. Length of labial palpi variable between species, about 1–4 times as long as the diameter of compound eyes. Labial palpi with three segments, the second segment the longest. Maxillary palpi with four segments, usually expanded at apex.

Key to genera of Schoenobiinae in China

1. Forewing with vein R 1 separate from other radial veins. Male genitalia with gnathos present ............................................................ 2

Forewing with vein R 1 stalked with other radial veins. Male genitalia with gnathos absent.............................................................. 11

2. Gnathos of male genitalia similar to uncus in shape, usually beaked................................................................................................... 3

Gnathos of male genitalia semicircular, uncus beaked....................................................................................................................... 10

3. Both wings usually without fascia; forewing sometimes with an oblique line from apex to inner margin........................................... 4

Both wings with distinct fasciae; forewing not as above...................................................................................................................... 8

4. Forewing with R 2 stalked with R 3+4, female with apex strongly pointed ............................................................................. Donacaula

Forewing with R 2 not stalked with R 3+4, female with apex relatively blunt ......................................................................................... 5

5. Juxta of male genitalia extremely elongated apically, the elongated part much longer than the basal part ............................. Catagela

Juxta of male genitalia plate-like or pyriform ...................................................................................................................................... 6

6. Juxta of male genitalia pyriform, the apex raised.............................................................................................................. Schoenobius

Juxta of male genitalia plate-like, the apex flat or curved .................................................................................................................... 7

7. Forewing usually white. In male genitalia, valva not constricted apically, or valva constricted apically but tegumen with triangular dorsal ridge........................................................................................................................................................................ Scirpophaga

Forewing white to fuscous. In male genitalia, valva constricted apically and tegumen with X-shaped dorsal ridge .......... Niphadoses

8. Vein Sc and R 1 of forewing not anastomosed, radial vein and M 1 of hindwing not stalked. Both wings with complex fasciae, hindwing with a serious of black metallic spots on outer margin.............................................................................. Archischoenobius

Vein Sc and R 1 of forewing anastomosed, radial vein and M 1 of hindwing stalked. Both wings with simple fasciae, hindwing without black metallic spots on outer margin....................................................................................................................................... 9

9. Frons of head not porrect and peltate. Forewing with apex blunt, R 2 stalked with R 3+4, R 5 from the upper angle of cell.......... Patissa

Frons of head porrect, peltate. Forewing with apex pointed, R 2 stalked with R 3+4+5, R 3+4 stalked with R 5 ................................ Ramila

10. Forewing with Sc and R 1 anastomosed, but separated apically, R 2+3+4 and R 5 not stalked...................................................... Brihaspa

Forewing with Sc and R 1 not anastomosed, R 2+3+4 and R 5 shortly stalked..................................................................... Promacrochilo

11. Forewing with all radial veins stalked, M 2 and M 3 long stalked; hindwing with M 2 and M 3 stalked........................................ Leechia

Forewing with R 1 to R 4 stalked, R 5 from the upper angle of cell, M 2 and M 3 shortly stalked; hindwing with M 2 and M 3 not stalked .. .......................................................................................................................................................................................... Acropentias

Thorax. Patagia thin, lobe-like. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum large and prominent, with a tegula at base of forewing. Metascutum and postnotum small. Legs relatively long. Forelegs with an epiphysis at middle of tibiae. Midlegs with a pair of spurs at apex of tibiae, the inner spur shorter. Hindlegs with two pair of spurs at middle and apex of tibiae. Tarsi with five segments, apical segment with a pair of claws.

Abdomen. Slender. Tympanal organ present at base of abdomen. Male usually with a scale-tuft on posterior area of the seventh sternite, extending over the eighth sternite. Female of some genera with anal tuft on the seventh segment used for covering eggs during oviposition.

Wing patterns. Forewing slender, with ground color from white to fuscous, without fascia or only with simple fasciae except in genus Archischoenobius .

Venation ( Figs 1–12 ). On forewing, Sc and R 1 close or anastomosed; R 2 and R 5 usually from upper angle of cell, sometimes stalked with R 3+4; M 1 close to R 5; M 2 and M 3 usually from lower angle of cell; Cu 1 and Cu 2 before lower angle of cell; CuP present at distal area. On hindwing, upper margin of cell usually strong; Sc+R 1 and Rs stalked, diverging from upper angle of cell as M 1 or stalked with M 1; M 2, M 3, Cu 1 and Cu 2 the same as forewing. Hindwing with one frenulum in male, while 1–2 in female.

Male genitalia. Uncus simple and tapering; gnathos usually simple and slender, sometimes with dorsal teeth at apex; tegumen often with various subteguminal process and sclerotized dorsal ridge; valva simple, seldom with appendant process; juxta plate-like or elongated, various in different species; aedeagus usually with one or more cornuti; coremata specialized, taking a form of plate-like structure, with long thread-like scales at the base. The coremata seems operate together with the scale-tuft at the posterior area of the seventh sternite for some unknown function.

Female genitalia. Anal papillae elongated, lobe-like, with strong setae; apophyses anterioris and posterioris well developed, long and slender; ostium bursae and ductus bursae various due to different species; corpus bursae membranous or lined with minute spines; signa usually absent, sometimes present.

Remarks. Three genera, Scirpophaga , Patissa and Archischoenobius , which were reported in former works ( Chen et al., 2006b, 2007a, b), are simply described here.

Figures

Figs 1–6. Venations. 1. Scirpophaga. 2. Schoenobius. 3. Donacaula. 4. Catagela. 5. Niphadoses. 6. Patissa.

Figs 7–12. Venations. 7. Ramila. 8. Archischoenobius. 9. Acropentias. 10. Leechia. 11. Brihaspa. 12. Promacrochilo.