Hormathia lacunifera (Stephenson, 1918a)

Rodríguez, Estefanía & López-González, Pablo J., 2013, <strong> New records of Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic sea anemones (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from the Weddell Sea, Antarctic Peninsula, and Scotia Arc </ strong>, Zootaxa 3624 (1), pp. 1-100 : 77-83

Hormathia lacunifera (Stephenson, 1918a)

( Figs. 41 , 43–45 ; Table 17; Appx. 1, 2)

Lilliella lacunifera Stephenson, 1918a : Stephenson 1920a; Carlgren 1921; Pax 1923; Pax 1926.

Paranthus erythrosoma Pax, 1922 : Pax 1923.

Parantheoides rhododactyla Pax, 1922 : Pax 1923.

Hormathia erythrosoma Carlgren, 1927 : Carlgren 1949.

Hormathia rhododactyla Carlgren, 1927 : Carlgren 1949.

Hormathia bouvetensis Carlgren, 1928 .

Hormathia lacunifera: Carlgren & Stephenson 1929 ; Carlgren 1949; Dunn 1983.

Hormathia georgiana Carlgren, 1927 : Carlgren 1949; Grebelny 1975.

? Leptoteichus insignis Stephenson, 1918a .

? Hormathia insignis: Carlgren 1949 .

MATERIAL EXAMINED

Polarstern ANT XV/3: stn. PS48/044 ( BEIM: ANT-4381, 1 specimen; AMNH-4439, 1 specimen); stn. PS48/071 (AMNH-4239, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4347, 1 specimen; AMNH-4348, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4368, 1 specimen; AMNH-4378, 1 specimen); stn. PS48/084 ( BEIM: ANT-4388, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS48/167 (AMNH- 4284, 2 specimens; AMNH-4366, 1 specimen); stn. PS48/189 (AMNH-4331, 1 specimen; AMNH-4332, 2 specimens; AMNH-4440, 6 specimens; AMNH-4441, 4 specimens); stn. PS48/197 (AMNH-4380, 1 specimen); stn. PS48/220 ( BEIM: ANT-4225, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS48/222 ( BEIM: ANT-4391, 4 specimens; AMNH-4392, 4 specimens; BEIM: ANT-4393, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4394, 1 specimen; AMNH-4435, 2 specimens); stn. PS48/322 ( BEIM: ANT-4238, 2 specimens; AMNH-4434, 2 specimens); stn. PS48/336 ( BEIM: ANT-4226, 2 specimens; BEIM: ANT-4330, 5 specimens; BEIM: ANT-4331, 2 specimens; BEIM: ANT-4346, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4429, 3 specimens; AMNH-4430, 5 specimens) .

TABLE 17. Size ranges of the cnidae of Hormathia lacunifera (Stephenson, 1918) ; for comparative cnidae data of the species see Dunn (1983). Χ: mean. SD: standard deviation. S: ratio of number of specimens in which each cnidae was found to number of specimens examined. N: total number of capsules measured. F: Frequency, +++ = very common, ++ = common, + = rather common, --- = sporadic. Abbreviations: Mc, Microbasic. (*) Mean values based in fewer than 40 capsules.

Polarstern ANT XVII/3 : stn. PS56/111–18 (AMNH-4488, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS56/119-1 (AMNH-4553, 1 specimen; AMNH-4557, 1 specimen; AMNH-4460, 1 specimen; AMNH-4560, 3 specimens; AMNH-4608, 14 specimens; stn. PS56/124–1 (AMNH-4459, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4460, 1 specimen; AMNH-4461, 1 specimen; AMNH-4606, 9 specimens; BEIM: ANT-4607, 11 specimens); stn. PS56/135–1 ( BEIM: ANT-4573, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS56/136–1 ( BEIM: ANT-4462, 1 specimen; AMNH-4565, 1 specimen; AMNH-4566, 1 specimen); stn. PS56/149–1 (AMNH-4534, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS56/158–1 (AMNH-4535, 1 specimen); stn. PS56/ 165 (AMNH-4536, 1 specimen); stn. PS56/177 ( BEIM: ANT-4528, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS56/178–2 (AMNH-4450, 9 specimens; AMNH-4504, 3 specimens; AMNH-4511, 1 specimen); stn. PS56/183-1 (AMNH-4482, 2 specimens; AMNH-4595, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4603, 4 specimens; AMNH-4604, 7 specimens; BEIM: ANT- 4605, 2 specimens; AMNH-4640, 4 specimens); stn. PS56/184–1 (AMNH-4510, 1 specimen) .

Polarstern ANT XIX/3 : stn. PS61/047-1 (AMNH-4111, 3 specimens) ; stn. PS61/049-1 (AMNH-4106, 2 specimens); stn. PS61/051-1 (AMNH-4127, 1 specimen); stn. PS61/053-1 (AMNH-4123, 11 specimens); stn. PS61/061-1 (AMNH-4112, 1 specimen); stn. PS61/067-1 (AMNH-4141, 1 specimen); stn. PS61/068-1 (AMNH- 4162, 7 specimens); stn. PS61/072-1 (AMNH-4057, 1 specimen); stn. PS61/090-1 (AMNH-4056, 1 specimen); stn. PS61/092-1 (AMNH-4097, 20 specimens); stn. PS61/093-1 (AMNH-4188, 1 specimen); stn. PS61/098-1 (AMNH-4189, 1 specimen); stn. PS61/101-1 (AMNH-4109, 1 specimen); BEIM: ANT-4064, 1 specimen; AMNH-4137, 1 specimen); stn. PS61/103-1 (AMNH-4018, 1 specimen; AMNH-4019, 1 specimen; AMNH-4026, 1 specimen); stn. PS61/104-1 (AMNH-4098, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS61/106-1 (AMNH-4005, 1 specimen); stn. PS61/108-1 (AMNH-4066, 1 specimen); stn. PS61/110-1 (AMNH-4128, 3 specimens); stn. PS61/117-1 (AMNH- 4186, 1 specimen); stn. PS61/121-1 (AMNH-4136, 1 specimen).

Polarstern ANT XIX/5 : stn. PS61/174 (AMNH-4650, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS61/182 (AMNH-4699, 1 specimen; AMNH-4700, 1 specimen); stn. PS61/223 (AMNH-4678, 1 specimen).

Polarstern ANT XXI/2 : stn. PS65/039-1 ( BEIM: ANT-4806, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4807, 2 specimens; AMNH-4809, 1 specimen; AMNH-4810, 1 specimen; AMNH-4814, 1 specimen; AMNH-4815, 2 specimens; BEIM: ANT-4844, 1 specimen; AMNH-4845, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4979, 1 specimen; AMNH-4980, 1 specimen); stn. PS65/048-1 (AMNH-4857, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS65/121-1 (AMNH-4805, 1 specimen; AMNH- 4818, 1 specimen; AMNH-4819, 1 specimen; AMNH -4908, 2 specimens; AMNH-4909, 5 specimens; AMNH- 4919, 1 specimen; AMNH-4923, 1 specimen; AMNH-4924, 1 specimen; AMNH-4934, 2 specimens); stn. PS65/ 132-1 (AMNH-4938, 1 specimen) ; stn. PS65/245-1 (AMNH-4827, 1 specimen; AMNH-4864, 1 specimen; AMNH-4865, 2 specimens; AMNH-4875, 1 specimen; AMNH-4876, 1 specimen; AMNH-4877, 1 specimen); stn. PS65/248-1 (AMNH-4843, 2 specimens; AMNH-4874, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4946, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT- 4949, 5 specimens); stn. PS65/259-1 (AMNH-4823, 2 specimens) ; stn. PS65/265-1 (AMNH-4826, 1 specimen; AMNH-4889, 1 specimen); stn. PS65/274-1 ( BEIM: ANT-4952, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4953, 2 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4954, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4955, 2 specimens; AMNH-4956, 3 specimens; BEIM: ANT-4957, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4958, 2 specimens; BEIM: ANT-4959, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4960, 2 specimens; BEIM: ANT-4961, 1 specimen; BEIM: ANT-4962, 2 specimens; BEIM: ANT-4963, 2 specimens; BEIM: ANT- 4964, 2 specimens BEIM: ANT-4965, 2 specimens; BEIM: ANT-4966, 3 specimens); stn. PS65/276-1 ( BEIM: ANT-4971, 2 specimens BEIM: ANT-4972, 2 specimens; BEIM: ANT-4973, 3 specimens; 4974, 1 specimen); stn. PS65/278-1 (AMNH-4977, 3 specimens) ; stn. PS65/279-1 (AMNH-4831, 2 specimens); stn. PS65/280-1 (AMNH-4851, 2 specimens; AMNH-4866, 1 specimen); stn. PS65/336-1 (AMNH-4914, 1 specimen).

COMPARATIVE MATERIAL EXAMINED

Hormathia georgiana Carlgren, 1927 . SMNH-Type-4012. Syntypes. “ Svenska Sydpolarexp. 1901–1903, nº 34, 54º11’S Br. 36º18’W, l. Süd-Georgien, vor der Mündung der Cumberland Bai, 05/06/1902, 252– 310 m, Bodentemp +1.45º, Graver Thon mit wenigen Steinen”. Also labelled as: “ syntype according to D. Fautin (2002), 2 specimens ”.

DIAGNOSIS

Pedal disc well developed, wide, with well-developed basilar muscles, to 45 mm diameter, often attached to rocks. Column usually thick and tough, cylindrical, to 60 mm diameter and 107 mm height in preserved specimens, divisible into scapus and scapulus. Scapus reticulate, covered in rectangular tubercles regularly arranged in rows. Scapus with well-developed cuticle. Scapulus smooth. Oral disc flat, wider than column and pedal disc, to 75 mm diameter. Scapulus, oral disc and tentacles whitish, yellowish or pinkish in living material, brownish or yellowish in preserved material; some yellowish specimens with irregular white spots in the oral disc. Aspect of column varies depending on development and erosion of cuticle, usually brownish to yellowish. Tentacles smooth, to 96, tapered and relatively long in expanded specimens. Marginal sphincter muscle mesogleal moderately strong, diffuse and long, transversally stratified. Equal number of mesenteries proximally and distally. Mesenteries hexamerously arranged in four cycles, only first cycle perfect and sterile. Retractor muscles diffuse but strong; parietobasilar muscles well developed but not forming mesogleal pennon. Longitudinal muscles of tentacles ectodermal. Acontia with only basitrichs. Cnidom: Spirocysts, basitrichs, and microbasic p -mastigophores. For detailed information on Hormathia lacunifera , see Stephenson (1918a) and Dunn (1983).

GEOGRAPHIC AND BATHYMETRIC DISTRIBUTION

Hormathia lacunifera is a circumpolar species but most of its records are from the western side of Antarctica ( Dunn 1983); only Carlgren and Stephenson (1929) cited the species between 4ºE and 160ºE. The depth range of H. lacunifera is 15– 3,020 m ( Dayton et al. 1970; Dunn 1983) but most specimens have been collected between 100– 1,500 m depth.

The material from this study was collected in the eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctic Peninsula, Scotia Sea and Bouvet Island, between 62– 1,227 m depth. Although they do not extend the distribution of the species, the records from the eastern Weddell Sea are the first ones for the area.

Hormathia lacunifera is a circumpolar Antarctic and sub-Antarctic species, from continental shelf and bathyal depths ( Fig. 41c ).

REMARKS

We found three externally different morphotypes of Hormathia lacunifera . These differ in presence and development of cuticle and tubercles in the scapus. However, the three morphotypes cannot be differentiated anatomically or by cnidae. This is not surprising, because species of this genus are known to present high variability ( Riemann-Zürneck 1994). Currently, is not possible to distinguish clearly several species of Hormathia in the Antarctic region. After this study, we consider six valid species of Hormathia in the Southern Ocean: H. armata , H. castanea McMurrich, 1904 (?), H. insignis (?), H. lacunifera , H. pectinata , and H. spinosa . We synonymise here H. georgiana as H. lacunifera ; most probably H. insignis is also a synonym of H. lacunifera , and H. castanea is a synonym of H. pectinata .

Order CORALLIMORPHARIA Carlgren, 1940

Family CORALLIMORPHIDAE Hertwig, 1882

Genus Corallimorphus Moseley, 1877

Figures

FIGURE 41. Distribution map of species. a) Actinauge verrillii McMurrich, 1893. b) Hormathia armata Rodríguez & López- González, 2001. c) Hormathia lacunifera (Stephenson, 1918). d) Corallimorphus profundus Moseley, 1877. e) Corallimorphus rigidus Moseley, 1877. Green triangles, type locality; green circles, previous localities; red circles, localities from this study; dark line, Subtropical Front; light line, Polar Front.

FIGURE 43. External anatomy of Hormathia lacunifera (Stephenson, 1918). a) Lateral view of living specimen [AMNH- 4938]. b–c) View of the oral disc in living and expanded specimens [AMNH-4810], [AMNH-4919]. d–f) Lateral view of living specimens [AMNH-4810], [AMNH-4956], [AMNH-4810]. Scale bars: a–b, e, 50 mm; c, 30 mm; d, f, 45 mm.

FIGURE 44. External anatomy of Hormathia lacunifera (Stephenson, 1918). a) Lateral view of preserved specimen [BEIM(ANT-4949)]. b) Lateral and oral view of preserved specimens [AMNH-4430]. c–e) Lateral view of preserved specimens [AMNH-4441], [AMNH-4366], [AMNH-4284]. Scale bars: a–b, 40 mm; c–d, 50 mm; e, 25 mm.

FIGURE 45. Cnidae of Hormathia lacunifera (Stephenson, 1918). a–d, g–j, l–n, q, r) Basitrichs. e, k, o, p) Microbasic p- mastigophores; f) Spirocyst.