A new species of the genus Nidirana Dubois, 1992 (Anura: Ranidae) from Yunnan Province, China
Author
Liu, Shuo
0000-0001-7825-3006
Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7825 - 3006 & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
Author
Hou, Mian
0000-0002-3322-6570
College of Continuing (Online) Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3322 - 6570
Author
Rao, Dingqi
0000-0003-2680-1503
Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2680 - 1503 * Corresponding author. Email: raodq @ mail. kiz. ac. cn
text
Ecologica Montenegrina
2025
2025-04-09
83
175
190
https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.18
journal article
10.37828/em.2025.83.18
2336-9744
16961133
67BF91B4-3402-4A86-8275-0358136F4D25
Nidirana cangshanensis
sp. nov.
https://zoobank.org/
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
4578D859-6A58-4AED-BAD3-BA2B860A270B
(
Figs 3–5
)
Type material.
Holotype
: KIZ2024164, adult male, collected by
Shuo Liu
on
28 June 2024
from
Xizhou Town
,
Dali City
,
Dali Prefecture
,
Yunnan Province
,
China
(
25°53′10″N
,
100°0′9″E
;
2980 m
a.s.l.
)
.
Paratypes
(n=13): KIZ20240165 and KIZ2024167–KIZ2024175, ten adult males, and KIZ2024166 and KIZ2024176–KIZ2024177,
three adult
females, all the same collection information as the
holotype
.
Etymology.
The specific name
cangshanensis
refers to the
type
locality Cangshan Mountain, in Dali Prefecture,
Yunnan Province
,
China
. We suggest the English common name to be “Cangshan Mountain Music Frog” and the Chinese common name to be “Nj山ḲD (Pinyin: cāng shān qín wā)”.
Diagnosis.
Body size medium, SVL
43.6–52.1 mm
in adult males and
59.7–64.1 mm
in adult females; head relatively short, HDL/SVL 0.34–0.36; head length approximately equal to head width, HDL/HDW 0.99–1.05; eye relatively large, ED/HDL 0.29–0.33; tympanum relatively small, TD/HDL 0.17–0.20, TD/ED 0.52–0.71; tip of every digit not dilated; lateroventral groove absent on every digit; foot short, FTL/SVL 0.52–0.57; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching between tympanum and eye or at eye; heels just meeting; posterior of dorsal skin rough with tubercles; a pair of subgular vocal sacs in breeding males; single nuptial pad present on first finger in adult males; suprabrachial gland large and smooth.
Description of
holotype
.
Adult male, SVL
52.1 mm
; head relatively short, HDL/SVL 0.36; head length approximately equal to head width, HDL/HDW 1.03; snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views, protruding beyond lower jaw, longer than eye diameter, SNT/ED 1.20; canthus rostralis relatively distinct, loreal region concave; nostril round, located approximately at middle of snout tip and eye; eye relatively large, ED/HDL 0.32; pupil elliptical, horizontal; tympanum distinct, round, relatively small, TD/HDL 0.19, TD/ED 0.58; a longitudinal strip-shaped gland from posterior upper lip to above arm insertion, gland discontinuous posteriorly; supratympanic fold absent; interorbital distance narrower than internasal distance, IOD/IND 0.69; pineal ocellus invisible; vomerine teeth undeveloped, slightly visible; choanae small, rounded; tongue large, notched behind; a pair of subgular vocal sacs.
Forelimbs moderately robust; fingers thin, tip of every finger not dilated and without lateroventral groove, relative finger lengths III> I> IV> II; webbing between fingers absent; feeble lateral fringes present on fingers II and III; subarticular tubercles rounded, prominent, formula 1, 1, 2, 2; supernumerary tubercles absent; three oval palmar tubercles, innermost one large, middle one medium size, outermost one small and indistinct; single nuptial pad on dorsal surface of first finger, nuptial spinules invisible.
Figure 3.
Holotype (KIZ2024164) of
Nidirana cangshanensis
sp. nov.
in life. (A) Dorsal view; (B) left view; (C) ventral view; (D) right view.
Hindlimbs relatively robust; tibia and foot short, TIB/SVL 0.47, FTL/SVL 0.53; heels just meeting when hindlimbs flexed at right angles to axis of body; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching between tympanum and eye or at eye when hindlimb stretched forward; toes moderately long and thin, tip of every toe not dilated and without lateroventral groove, relative lengths IV> III> V> II> I; webbing formula: I1⅔–2II1½–2⅔III2–3IV3–1⅔V; lateral fringes present on each toe; subarticular tubercles rounded, prominent, formula 1, 1, 2, 3, 2; inner metatarsal tubercle oval, prominent; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; tarsal folds and tarsal tubercle absent.
Dorsal skin of head and anterior dorsum smooth, posterior dorsum rough with tubercles and horny spinules; dorsolateral fold moderately developed, from posterior margin of upper eyelid to above groin; flank smooth with some tubercles; a large, irregularly shaped, smooth suprabrachial gland posterior to base of forelimb on each side; dorsal surface of forelimbs smooth, dorsal surface of hindlimbs with many small tubercles; ventral surface of head, body, and limbs smooth.
Coloration of
holotype
in life.
Dorsal surface of head and body dark olive; a thin light yellow vertebral stripe extending from snout to vent; upper lip and following gland golden; iris bronze with mesh pattern; tympanum region brown on left side and golden on right side; region between eye and tympanum black; dorsolateral fold slightly paler than dorsum; upper flank dark olive, suprabrachial gland grayish brown, lower flank mottled with yellowish white and brownish black; dorsal surface of forelimbs olive; dorsal surface of hindlimbs olive with black crossbars; anterior ventral surface of head golden with black spots, vocal sac region light purple, middle posterior ventral surface of head grayish white; ventral surface of body creamy white with many light gray spots; ventral surface of limbs pale white with some grayish black spots.
Variations.
Morphological measurements of all type specimens are given in
Table 4
and photos of some
paratypes
in life are shown in
Figure 4
. The male
paratypes
are similar to the
holotype
in morphology and the female
paratypes
lack suprabrachial glands and are significantly larger than males in body size. The coloration of the male
paratypes
is somewhat paler than that of the
holotype
and the vertebral stripe is indistinct in some male
paratypes
. The coloration of the female
paratypes
is much darker than males and the vertebral stripe is more distinct.
Figure 4.
Close-up views of the hand and foot of the holotype (KIZ2024164) of
Nidirana cangshanensis
sp. nov.
in preservative. (A) volar view of the right hand; (B) plantar view of the right foot.
Table 4.
Morphometric measurements (in mm) of the type specimens of
Nidirana cangshanensis
sp. nov.
|
KIZ2024164
♂
|
KIZ2024165
♂
|
KIZ2024167
♂
|
KIZ2024168
♂
|
KIZ2024169
♂
|
KIZ2024170
♂
|
KIZ2024171
♂
|
| SVL |
52.1 |
51.0 |
46.1 |
47.0 |
45.8 |
51.1 |
49.3 |
| HDL |
18.7 |
18.1 |
16.8 |
17.1 |
16.2 |
17.9 |
17.7 |
| HDW |
18.5 |
17.8 |
16.4 |
16.8 |
15.7 |
17.7 |
17.2 |
| SNT |
7.2 |
7.5 |
7.0 |
7.4 |
6.8 |
7.3 |
7.6 |
| IND |
4.8 |
4.7 |
4.1 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
4.6 |
4.5 |
| IOD |
3.3 |
3.1 |
2.7 |
3.0 |
2.7 |
3.1 |
3.1 |
| ED |
6.0 |
5.4 |
4.8 |
4.9 |
5.2 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
| TD |
3.5 |
3.5 |
3.0 |
3.5 |
2.7 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
| HND |
13.1 |
12.8 |
11.9 |
12.5 |
11.9 |
12.3 |
12.7 |
| RAD |
8.7 |
8.6 |
7.9 |
8.0 |
7.9 |
8.4 |
8.3 |
| FTL |
27.8 |
27.0 |
25.1 |
25.1 |
25.3 |
26.5 |
27.0 |
| TIB |
24.6 |
24.0 |
21.3 |
22.2 |
21.8 |
23.4 |
22.7 |
|
KIZ2024172
♂
|
KIZ2024173
♂
|
KIZ2024174
♂
|
KIZ2024175
♂
|
KIZ2024166
♀
|
KIZ2024176
♀
|
KIZ2024177
♀
|
| SVL |
47.5 |
46.6 |
47.8 |
43.6 |
59.7 |
61.6 |
64.1 |
| HDL |
16.3 |
17.0 |
17.4 |
15.5 |
21.4 |
22.1 |
22.2 |
| HDW |
16.4 |
16.9 |
17.3 |
15.3 |
20.3 |
22.3 |
21.4 |
| SNT |
7.4 |
7.2 |
7.5 |
6.3 |
8.8 |
8.9 |
9.7 |
| IND |
4.4 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
3.9 |
5.2 |
5.4 |
5.7 |
| IOD |
2.7 |
2.7 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.7 |
| ED |
5.3 |
5.0 |
5.1 |
4.8 |
6.7 |
6.5 |
7.1 |
| TD |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
4.2 |
4.4 |
4.1 |
| HND |
12.6 |
11.7 |
12.6 |
11.9 |
14.2 |
15.0 |
16.3 |
| RAD |
8.4 |
8.1 |
8.1 |
7.9 |
10.1 |
11.4 |
11.5 |
| FTL |
25.8 |
25.4 |
26.0 |
25.0 |
31.5 |
33.1 |
33.7 |
| TIB |
23.9 |
22.0 |
22.9 |
22.4 |
28.6 |
30.6 |
31.1 |
Comparisons.
Nidirana cangshanensis
sp. nov.
can be easily distinguished from all other species of this genus except for
N. occidentalis
and
N. pleuraden
by tips of fingers and toes being not dilated and lateroventral groove on fingers and toes being absent (vs. tips of fingers being dilated and lateroventral groove on fingers being present in most species and tips of toes being dilated and lateroventral groove on toes being present in all species).
Nidirana cangshanensis
sp. nov.
is phylogenetically closest to and most similar in morphology characteristic to
N. occidentalis
and
N. pleuraden
. However,
Nidirana cangshanensis
sp. nov.
can be distinguished from
N. occidentalis
by having a slightly smaller ratio of head length to snout–vent length (HDL/SVL 0.34–0.36 vs. 0.36–0.41), a smaller ratio of head length to head width (HDL/HDW 0.99– 1.05 vs. 1.10–1.27), a slightly greater ratio of snout length to head length (SNT/HDL 0.39–0.45 vs. 0.34– 0.39), a smaller ratio of internasal distance to head width (IND/HDW 0.24–0.27 vs. 0.30–0.35), a smaller ratio of interorbital distance to head width (IOD/HDW 0.15–0.18 vs. 0.22–0.27), a greater ratio of eye diameter to head length (ED/HDL 0.29–0.33 vs. 0.24–0.28), a smaller ratio of tympanum diameter to eye diameter (TD/ED 0.52–0.71 vs. 0.74–0.84), a much smaller ratio of foot length to snout–vent length (FTL/SVL 0.52–0.57 vs. 0.71–0.82), a much greater ratio of foot length to tibial length (FTL/TIB 0.84– 0.93 vs. 0.55–0.69), and a smaller ratio of adult male body size to adult female body size (sexual size dimorphism 77.7% vs. 83.5%).
Figure 5.
Paratypes of
Nidirana cangshanensis
sp. nov.
in life. (A–C) the male KIZ2024165; (D–F) the male KIZ2024171; (G–I) the male KIZ2024174; (J–L) the female KIZ2024166.
Nidirana cangshanensis
sp. nov.
can be distinguished from
N. pleuraden
by having a smaller ratio of head length to snout–vent length (HDL/SVL 0.34–0.36 vs. 0.37–0.44), a much smaller ratio of head length to head width (HDL/HDW 0.99–1.05 vs. 1.25–1.34), a smaller ratio of internasal distance to head width (IND/HDW 0.24–0.27 vs. 0.30–0.35), a slightly smaller ratio of interorbital distance to head width (IOD/HDW 0.15–0.18 vs. 0.18–0.25), a greater ratio of eye diameter to head length (ED/HDL 0.29–0.33 vs. 0.23–0.27), a slightly smaller ratio of tympanum diameter to head length (TD/HDL 0.17–0.20 vs. 0.20–0.23), a much smaller ratio of tympanum diameter to eye diameter (TD/ED 0.52–0.71 vs. 0.79–0.89), a much smaller ratio of foot length to snout–vent length (FTL/SVL 0.52–0.57 vs. 0.76–0.82), a much greater ratio of foot length to tibial length (FTL/TIB 0.84–0.93 vs. 0.60–0.70), a much smaller ratio of adult male body size to adult female body size (sexual size dimorphism 77.7% vs. 89.1%), and tibio-tarsal articulation reaching between tympanum and eye or at eye (vs. reaching between eye and nostril or at nostril).
Natural history.
Males of the new species were found calling in water surfaces of the ponds with abundant wetland plants at night, while females were found lurking on the shores of the ponds. Other amphibians with sympatric distribution include
Bombina maxima
(Boulenger, 1905)
,
Glyphoglossus huadianensis
Zhang, Liu, Zhang, Hui, Xiao & Rao, 2021
,
Rana chaochiaoensis
Liu, 1946
,
R. shuchinae
Liu, 1950
, and
Zhangixalus puerensis
(He, 1999)
.
Distribution.
This species is currently known only from Cangshan Mountain in Dali Prefecture,
Yunnan Province
,
China
.
Figure 6.
Map showing the distributions of
Nidirana cangshanensis
sp. nov.
(green),
N. occidentalis
(red), and
N. pleuraden
(blue). Stars represent type localities.
Discussion
Previously, the
Yunnan
Music Frog (Yunkwei Plateau Frog or
Yunnan
Pond Frog) was considered a single species, namely
Nidirana pleuraden
(
Yang & Rao 2008
;
Fei
et al.
2009
,
2012
;
Chan & Bi 2016
;
Lyu
et al.
2017
). Later,
Lyu
et al.
(2020)
described the population previously misidentified as
N. pleuraden
distributed in western
Yunnan
as a distinct species, namely
N. occidentalis
. This study further revealed that the diversity of the
Yunnan
Music Frog sensu lato is still underestimated. Although
Nidirana cangshanensis
sp. nov.
is similar in morphology to
N. pleuraden
and
N. occidentalis
, it can be distinguished from the latter two species by a combination of morphological characteristics (
Table 5
) and relatively significant divergence in the mitochondrial genes (2.6% in 16S and 6.1% in COI).
Table 5.
Morphometric comparisons between
Nidirana cangshanensis
sp. nov.
and
N. occidentalis
and
N. pleuraden
. Data for
N. occidentalis
and
N. pleuraden
were obtained from
Lyu
et al.
(2020)
.
|
Nidirana cangshanensis
sp. nov.
|
Nidirana occidentalis
|
Nidirana pleuraden
|
|
n=14
|
n=8
|
n=15
|
| HDL/SVL |
0.34–0.36 |
0.36–0.41 |
0.37–0.44 |
| HDL/HDW |
0.99–1.05 |
1.10–1.27 |
1.25–1.34 |
| SNT/HDL |
0.39–0.45 |
0.34–0.39 |
0.34–0.40 |
| IND/HDW |
0.24–0.27 |
0.30–0.35 |
0.30–0.35 |
| IOD/HDW |
0.15–0.18 |
0.22–0.27 |
0.18–0.25 |
| ED/HDL |
0.29–0.33 |
0.24–0.28 |
0.23–0.27 |
| TD/HDL |
0.17–0.20 |
0.19–0.23 |
0.20–0.23 |
| TD/ED |
0.52–0.71 |
0.74–0.84 |
0.79–0.89 |
| HND/SVL |
0.24–0.27 |
0.24–0.28 |
0.23–0.27 |
| RAD/SVL |
0.16–0.19 |
0.15–0.17 |
0.15–0.19 |
| HND/RAD |
1.32–1.56 |
1.36–1.79 |
1.30–1.65 |
| FTL/SVL |
0.52–0.57 |
0.71–0.82 |
0.76–0.82 |
| TIB/SVL |
0.46–0.51 |
0.45–0.51 |
0.47–0.54 |
| TIB/FTL |
0.84–0.93 |
0.55–0.69 |
0.60–0.70 |
There are
two types
of reproductive behavior in species of
Nidirana
, one exhibiting nidification behavior and males call within mud nest and two sexes engage in amplexus within the nest, while another lacking such complicated behavior and two sexes just court and mate in standing water surfaces like most of other lentic frogs (
Lyu
et al.
2024
). Like its closely related species
N. pleuraden
and
N. occidentalis
,
Nidirana cangshanensis
sp. nov.
is also the
type
that without nidification behavior.
Geographically,
N. pleuraden
is known to be distributed in the northeast of the Red River, while
N. occidentalis
is known to be distributed in the southwest of the Red River (
Lyu
et al.
2020
;
Frost 2025
). Interestingly, the collection site of
Nidirana cangshanensis
sp. nov.
is located just above the source of the Red River (
Fig. 6
). Currently, no overlap has been found in the distributions of these three species.
Cangshan Mountain is located at the intersection of the western part of the Dian Central Plateau and the southeastern edge of the Hengduan mountains, it exhibits complex and diverse terrain, distinct and varied climatic conditions, making it a natural repository of biological resources (
Ni
et al.
2023
). In recent years, new species have been continuously discovered from Cangshan Mountain, including animals, plants, fungi, and so on (
Zhang
et al.
2020
,
2021
;
Ji
et al.
2023
;
Jiang
et al.
2024
;
Zheng
et al.
2024
). However, the biodiversity of Cangshan area is far from being fully understood, and more detailed field surveys are needed to find out how many species live in Cangshan Mountain.
Acknowledgements
We thank the staff and forest rangers of Cangshan Erhai National Nature Reserve for their assistance in the survey. We also thank the editors and reviewers for their working on the manuscript. This work was supported by
Yunnan
Fundamental Research Project: Comprehensive Scientific Investigation of Cangshan Mountain (grant no. 202201BC070001), Biological Resources Programme, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Position of Bioclassonomist of Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant no. CAS- TAX-24), and Foundation of
Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
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