A new and presumably extinct species of Ptychochromoides (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae) from central Madagascar.
Author
John S. Sparks
text
Zootaxa
2004
524
1
15
http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1621B03B-EBD7-49FA-8250-08A31072A2CD
journal article
z00524p001
Ptychochromoides itasy
,
new species
(Figures 2-3 and Table 1)
Ptychochromis betsileanus
: Pellegrin, 1933: 144 (in part; Lake Itasy); Arnoult, 1959: 72 (in part; Lake Itasy); Kiener, 1963: 166 (in part; region of Lake Itasy).
Ptychochromoides betsileanus
: Kiener and
Mauge
, 1966: 77-80 (in part; description); Reinthal and Stiassny, 1997: 358-362 (in part; redescription); Sparks and Reinthal, 2001: 120, 131 (in part; comparative material); Sparks, 2003: 327 (in part; comparative material).
Holotype
:
UMMZ
243393, immature female, 123.2 mm SL;
Madagascar
.
Paratypes
:
AMNH
233643, 1 specimen, immature male, 106.3 mm SL;
Madagascar
.
MNHN
1919-11, 1 C&S specimen, 77.5 mm SL;
Madagascar
: central highlands:
Region of Antananarivo
: Lake Itasy.
UMMZ
199409, 1 specimen, immature female, 91.2 mm SL;
Madagascar
.
Diagnosis.
Ptychochromoides itasy
is distinguished from congeners by the presence of a pronounced occipital hump, regardless of size, sex, or sexual maturity [vs. absence (
P. vondrozo
) or presence only in adult males (
P. betsileanus
)], and also by a shorter predorsal length (39.3-40.2% vs. 40.4-46.2% and 43.7-49.3% SL in
P. betsileanus
and
P. vondrozo
, respectively), more elongate terminal dorsal-fin spine (14.1-16.4% vs. 11.4-13.9% and 11.1-14.0% SL in
P. betsileanus
and
P. vondrozo
, respectively), and shorter snout (33.2- 35.7% vs. 36.1-45.1% and 36.6-41.5% HL in
P. betsileanus
and
P. vondrozo
, respectively).
Description. Descriptive morphometric and meristic features for the new species and
P. betsileanus
are summarized in Table 1. A relatively small, deep bodied, and laterally compressed
Ptychochromoides
. Jaws isognathous to slightly retrognathous. Dorsal body profile more or less straight posterior of occipital hump. Ventral body profile moderately convex. Predorsal profile strongly convex, even in smallest specimen examined (
UMMZ
199409, 91.2 mm SL), an immature female, owing to prominent adipose occipital hump in both sexes. Radiographs reveal an accumulation of adipose tissue dorsal to supraoccipital and frontal bones (Sparks & Reinthal 2001: fig. 5b). Snout relatively straight. Mouth small and oblique, lips not fleshy. Caudal peduncle short, laterally compressed, and deep. Supraoccipital crest short and deep. Dorso-medial gap present between frontal and supraoccipital bones; suture between bones pronounced (Sparks & Reinthal 2001: fig. 5b).
Vertebrae. Total vertebral count 29 or 30 [formulae: 15 + 14 (3) or 15 + 15 (1)].
Teeth. Buccal dentition comprised of closely set, distally expanded, bilaterally symmetrical bicuspid teeth. Oral teeth range from weakly to strongly bicuspid. Dentition covers slightly more than 3/4 of premaxillary arcade, and approximately anterior 3/4 of dentary. Outer row teeth enlarged and graded in size laterally. Anteriorly, outer row teeth procumbently implanted in both upper and lower jaws. Both upper and lower jaws with two to four inner rows of smaller, bilaterally symmetrical, bicuspid teeth. Inner row teeth generally not expanded at crown. Inner row teeth usually symmetrically bicuspid, but may be conical and unicuspid.
Pharyngeal toothplates. Lower pharyngeal jaw (LPJ) robust, covered both anteriorly and postero-laterally with weakly hooked, bicuspid teeth. Posteriorly, teeth more strongly hooked and bicuspid. Teeth increasingly robust medially, becoming quite enlarged but not molariform, particularly postero-medially on LPJ. Postero-medial teeth enlarged and cylindrical with single, short median cusp at posterior margin (i.e., markedly enlarged hooked and bicuspid teeth). LPJ wider than long and fully sutured with weak interdigitations along postero-ventral margin. Teeth on pharyngobranchial 3 hooked and bicuspid laterally, robust and enlarged (but not molariform) medially. Single row of dentition present on elongate 2nd pharyngobranchial toothplate, characteristic of genus. Teeth on 2nd pharyngobranchial toothplate elongate, hooked and bicuspid. Well-developed toothplates present on dorsal surface of 4th ceratobranchial bones, confluent with outer row of rakers. Dentition on 4th ceratobranchial toothplates ranges from elongate, conical, and unicuspid(laterally) to weakly hooked and bicuspid (medially).
Gill rakers. Ten or 11 elongate and triangular gill rakers present along lower limb of first gill arch, including raker in angle of arch. Ceratobranchial rakers on first gill arch denticulate medially. Ceratobranchial rakers on gill arches 2 through 4 strongly denticulate dorsally. Five to seven elongate rakers present on first epibranchial bone. Low count of five corresponds to alcoholic specimens in which reduced dorsalmost rakers possibly occluded by tissue. Pseudobranch exposed and gill-like.
Squamation. Body covered with large and regularly imbricate scales from approximately mid-orbit (dorsal margin) to origin of caudal fin. Scales on chest and belly somewhat reduced in size and embedded. Body scaled except snout, lachrymal, and preopercle. Scales on head, cheek, nape, opercle, ventral chest, and belly cycloid. Cheek scales in two to three rows. Lateral body scales weakly ctenoid anteriorly, becoming increasingly ctenoid posteriorly. Scales on caudal fin, posterior of hypural flexure, cycloid and reduced in size. Cycloid scales of reduced size also present in one or two rows along dorsal- and anal-fin bases. Lateral line canal and pores well developed.
Fins. Dorsal fin with XIV spines and 11-13 soft rays. Anal fin with III spines and 10 or 11 soft rays. First anal spine very short, whereas second and third spines elongate and practically equal in length. Soft dorsal and anal fins produced, trailing margins filamentous and extending well past caudal-fin origin. Origin of dorsal fin located approximately at vertical through pectoral-fin insertion. Origin of pelvic fins located well posterior of vertical through pectoral-fin insertion. Pelvic fins short, extend to or just past anus when adducted. Caudal fin moderately emarginate.
Additional remarks on osteology. Suture between frontal bones and supraoccipital with dorsal gap and expansion (= convexity) of frontal bones. Lachrymal of plesiomorphic condition within Cichlidae, being subdivided into two broadly contiguous plates (i.e., lachrymal and ‘primitive second infraorbital’ of Cichocki, 1976). Lachrymal with four marginally-directed canals. Bones composing infraorbital series robust and well ossified. Two arms of first epibranchial bone of relatively same length. Median frontal pores of neurocranium (NLF0 of Barel et. al. 1977) separate, not coalesced in the midline. Exoccipital foramina present, however, these excavations much smaller and less developed than in etropline cichlids (
Paretroplus
+
Etroplus
).
Coloration in life. Not known.
Coloration in preservative. Overall ground coloration golden brown and somewhat blotchy, with no distinctive markings (Figs. 2-3). Notably, all available specimens appear relatively faded in preservative. Body slightly darker along dorsal midline. Fin rays grayish-black.
Habitat and distribution. Of the four specimens in the type series, only one is known for certain to have been collected in Lake Itasy (
MNHN
1919-11, 77.5 mm SL, C&S). Based on morphological similarities to the unquestionable Lake Itasy specimen, the other three members of the type series (
AMNH
233643,
UMMZ
199409,
UMMZ
243393) are presumed also to have been collected from Lake Itasy or the surrounding region. The three latter specimens were transferred from
MNHN
(formerly
MNHN
1907-105, 106, 107) to
UMMZ
as gifts in the early 1970s and, other than 'Madagascar', are accompanied by no additional collection locality information. Likewise, no further collection locality information was available for these specimens in the
MNHN
records.
Based on available habitat data for all nominal species of
Ptychochromoides
, it appears that these cichlids are restricted to relatively undisturbed highland rivers, streams, and lakes that are well-oxygenated and that remain cool throughout the year (Kiener 1959, 1963; Reinthal & Stiassny 1997; Sparks & Reinthal 2001).
Ptychochromoides
are absent from regions of the island where there has been a high degree of erosion and siltation as a result of deforestation and/or the introduction of numerous exotic species (Kiener 1959; Sparks & Reinthal 2001). Members of the genus are also absent from lowland and coastal areas. Unlike some species of the closely related genus
Ptychochromis
, members of
Ptychochromoides
do not enter brackish water habitats.
Regrettably, it appears that the Lac Itasy population of
Ptychochromoides
(i.e.,
P. itasy
) is extinct. Despite claims of its persistence in the upper reaches of the Tsiribihina and Betsiboka drainages by local residents, repeated efforts over the past decades to collect additional material of
P. itasy
from either basin have been unsuccessful (P. Loiselle, pers. comm.). Fisheries researchers studied Lake Itasy for a number of years (Kiener 1959, 1963; Kiener &
Mauge
1966). According to Kiener (1959: 3, 1963: 167),
Ptychochromoides
were once so abundant in Lac Itasy that they accounted for a significant proportion of the overall catch from that basin. Concomitant with a decline in water quality due to human mediated disturbances, particularly overfishing and the introduction of a number of exotic species, was the rapid decline of
Ptychochromoides
and other endemic fish species throughout the region (Reinthal & Stiassny 1991; de Rham & Nourissat 2002). De Rham and Nourissat (2002) hypothesize that
Ptychochromoides
was extirpated from the Lake Itasy (central highland) region by the early 1960s. As the small size of the type series attests, extremely little material from the region was preserved and deposited in museum collections, despite numerous claims regarding the former abundance of the species. This unfortunate situation underscores the importance of preserving and depositing voucher material for future study. Lac Itasy, a large crater lake, and the surrounding region are highly disturbed (de Rham & Nourissat 2002; M. Stiassny & Paul Loiselle, pers. comm.), and these basins are now home to a number of exotic species (Reinthal & Stiassny 1991). No specimens of
Ptychochromoides
have been collected from the lake or surrounding basins in several decades, despite multiple attempts by various research groups (Reinthal & Stiassny 1991, 1997; de Rham & Nourissat 2002).
Relationships and comparisons.
Ptychochromoides itasy
represents the fourth species of the genus to be described. All species of
Ptychochromoides
exhibit allopatric distributions (Fig. 1). Given that
Ptychochromoides
is not monophyletic, and that
P. katria
is recovered as the sister taxon to
Ptychochromis
in recent phylogenetic studies (Sparks 2003, 2004), generic comparisons are restricted to members of a clade comprising
Ptychochromoides betsileanus
,
P. vondrozo
, and
P. itasy
. Based on the analysis of nucleotide characters,
Oxylapia polli
is recovered as the sister taxon to this latter clade (Sparks 2003, 2004). Based on morphological comparisons, the new species is the hypothesized sister taxon to
P. betsileanus
, with which it shares the following features (that are absent in
P. vondrozo
): 1) A deep supraoccipital crest in which there is a marked concavity between the frontal bones and supraoccipital in lateral view (Sparks & Reinthal 2001: fig. 5). 2) The soft dorsal and anal fins are produced and the trailing margins are elongate and filamentous, extending well beyond origin of the caudal fin (Figs. 2-4). 3) Origin of the dorsal fin is located slightly posterior to a vertical through pectoral-fin insertion, whereas in
P. vondrozo
dorsal-fin origin is located well posterior to a vertical through pectoral-fin insertion. In general,
P. betsileanus
and
P. itasy
are also deeper bodied than
P. vondrozo
(45.2- 52.5% SL vs. 39.4-47.3% SL, respectively).
A sheared principal components analysis of 13 morphometric variables separated
P. betsileanus
,
P. itasy
, and two anomalous specimens (
MNHN
1907-104,
Ptychochromoides sp.
) into three essentially non-overlapping clusters (Fig. 5). Other than Madagascar, no more precise collection locality information is available for these latter two specimens in the
MNHN
database. Sheared PC2 loaded heavily for preorbital depth and upper jaw length, whereas sheared PC3 loaded heavily for predorsal length and orbit diameter (Table 2). Discrimination of
P. betsileanus
and
P. itasy
occurred along sheared PC 3, whereas sheared PC2 clearly separated
P. betsileanus
and
P. itasy
from the two anomalous specimens (
MNHN
1907-104) (Fig. 5). Both sheared PC2 and sheared PC3 discriminate
P. itasy
from the two
MNHN
specimens. Only a single proportional measurement (head length: 35.1-35.2% SL), a variable that does not load heavily on either sheared PC, separates the
MNHN
specimens (
Ptychochromoides sp.
) from
P.betsileanus
(30.0-33.8% SL) and
P. itasy
(31.1-32.5% SL). Thus, at the present time it seems premature to diagnose these two specimens (
MNHN
1907-104) as new on the basis of this single proportional measurement.
In addition to the features listed in the differential diagnosis,
P. itasy
is further distinguished from
P. vondrozo
by a deeper caudal peduncle (15.8-17.5% vs. 12.9-14.8% SL), shorter head length (31.1-32.5% vs. 33.6-36.5% SL), longer pelvic fin (27.4-27.6% vs. 23.6-26.7% SL), and fewer scales in lateral series (35 vs. 36-40) (Figs. 2-3 and 6).
The type specimens of
P. betsileanus
described by Boulenger (1899) were supposedly collected from within the Betsileo region, ranging from southern central to southern Madagascar, however specific locality information is lacking. All catalogued specimens of
Ptychochromoides
in museum collections were examined during this study. Available collection locality data indicates that only a single immature specimen (
MNHN
1919-11, 77.5 mm SL, C&S) can be determined with certainty to have originated from the Lac Itasy (central highland) region. This is surprising as
Ptychochromoides
were reported to have been abundant in Lake Itasy up until the late 1950s (Kiener 1959, 1963; Kiener &
Mauge
1966). Based on morphological similarities with this individual, it is concluded that the three additional specimens of the type series of
P. itasy
that lack specific collection locality data are also from the central highlands of Madagascar (i.e., Lake Itasy or the surrounding region).
Recently collected
P. betsileanus
from south-central Madagascar differ from
P. itasy
in possessing robust molariform dentition on both the upper and lower pharyngeal toothplates (UPJ and LPJ respectively), whereas in
P. itasy
, UPJ and LPJ dentition may be quite enlarged and robust, but never molariform. Interestingly, members of the type series described by Boulenger (1899), supposedly collected from the Betsileo region ranging from southern central to southern Madagascar, also do not possess molariform UPJ and LPJ dentition.
Regardless of standard length, sex, or sexual maturity, specimens of
P. itasy
are characterized by a markedly decurved predorsal profile owing to a pronounced occipital hump (Figs. 2-3). Development of the occipital hump is less pronounced in
P. betsileanus
, in which only large males (> 180 mm SL) exhibit a prominent hump (de Rham & Nourissat 2002: 66, 68). A well-developed hump is lacking in female
P. betsileanus
, regardless of standard length (de Rham & Nourissat 2002: 68), and is either absent or poorly developed in males less than about 180 mm SL (de Rham & Nourissat 2002: 70).
Local names. ‘Trondro mainty’, which translates as black (= mainty) fish (= trondro), is the Malagasy name most commonly used to refer to
P. itasy
. The new species is also referred to as 'Marakely
a
bosse' in the literature.
Etymology. Named for the crater lake in the central highlands of Madagascar where all members of the type series were presumably collected. The epithet, itasy, is used as a noun in apposition.