A systematic revision of the genus Archocentrus (Perciformes: Cichlidae), with the description of two new genera and six new species. Author Juan J. Schmitter-Soto text Zootaxa 2007 1603 1 78 http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AFFCB590-1FC7-4CD0-950C-D1D1A6E59F6C journal article z01603p001 AFFCB590-1FC7-4CD0-950C-D1D1A6E59F6C Archocentrus centrarchus ( Gill, 1877 ) Figures 1-2 Heros (Archocentrus) centrarchus Gill in Gill & Bransford 1877: 185 (original description). Cichlasoma (Archocentrus) centrarchus , Jordan & Evermann 1898: 1526 ( new combination ). Archocentrus centrarchus , Allgayer 1994: 15 ( new combination ). Holotype . USNM 16878 , J. F. Bransford , Mar. 1, 1876 . Lake Nicaragua , Nicaragua . No paratypes (see Remarks). Diagnosis. Autapomorphies (Schmitter-Soto, in press): total gill rakers on first arch 16-19; gill rakers elongate, slender; two opercular spots, vertically aligned. Further diagnosed from other species of Archocentrus by absence of a concavity at posterior end of maxilla; circumpeduncular scales modally 18 or fewer (vs. 19 or more); presence (vs. absence) of rows of secondary pored scales on caudal fin; bars on side of body extending partially onto dorsal and anal fins (vs. bars confined to sides of body), absence (vs. presence) of medial intensification in bars on side of body, presence (vs. absence) of ocellus on dorsal fin of mature females; abdomen predominantly yellow-green in life (vs. abdomen predominantly bluish, whitish, yellow or black); and caudal blotch ocellated (vs. not ocellated). Description. D. XV-XVII,7-9; A. IX-XI,7-9. Gill rakers on lower limb of first arch 12-17; gill rakers long, especially on ventral side, and serrated. Scale rows on cheek 4-6; pored lateral-line scales (not counting scales overlapping between the two segments of the lateral line) 25-29; scales from lateral line to base of first dorsal-fin ray 1.5-3; circumpeduncular scales 15-17. Additional meristic data appear in Table 3. Largest examined specimen 102 mm SL. Body rather oval, deep (50-57% of SL), horizontally almost symmetrical in profile. Head profile straight or concave above orbits, convex at nape. Head length 33-34% of SL; orbital diameter 24-27% of head length (further morphometric data appear in Table 4). Maxilla extending to ventral rim of orbit; premaxilla extending to anterior rim of orbit. Teeth embedded, conical, slightly retrorse, upper symphysial teeth not abruptly larger, lower symphysial teeth subequal to adjacent teeth. Lower jaw slightly protruding. Lower lip at corner of mouth not tapering, rounded or squarish. Frenum of lower lip usually absent (not “present”, contra to the original description). Pectoral fins reaching posteriorly to 5th-6th anal-fin spine; pelvic fins reaching to 6th-9th anal-fin spine; distal pelvic ray not bearing filaments. Filamentous rays of dorsal fin extending to about middle of caudal fin. Caudal fin definitely truncate to slightly emarginate. Scales weakly ctenoid. Subsidiary pored scales on caudal fin forming 3-scale-long rows; scales between anal fin rays in one or two rows, 6-11 scales long. Gut simple, about as long as body; intestinal anal and esophageal loops adjacent. Genital papilla tongueshaped, in adults deeply notched or strongly crenulate; longer than wide in females, may be wider than long in males; pigmented on tip, but with little pigment on posterior side. A vertical bar on head; two interorbital bands; a suborbital streak; diffuse stripe from snout to eye; no speckles on cheek; two spots characteristically on opercle. Eyes golden, yellow or reddish. Seven vertical bars on sides; 1st bar curved on head, all bars well marked medially and dorsally, 4th and 6th bars extending onto dorsal fin, no lateral spot discernible on bars. Blotch on dorsal fin over 6th bar sometimes ocellated; soft dorsal fin occasionally with two rows of dots forming a checkered pattern, but elsewhere unpaired fins mostly immaculate,. Rows of spots on sides 11-14, smaller than scales; breast region golden in juveniles, bronzegreen in adults. Axil of pectoral fin and base of pectoral fin with same coloration as breast. A black caudal blotch, on fin, across lateral line (not “chiefly above,” contra the original description), ocellated. TABLE 3. Meristics and other quantitative discrete characters of species in the genera Archocentrus , Cryptoheros , Amatitlania , Rocio , and Hypsophrys . Numbers are absolute frequencies; sample size varied among traits and species. Pectoral fin reaching caudad on anal-fin spines (in parentheses: pelvic fin reaching posteriorly on anal-fin spines)
not reaching to 1st spine to 2nd to 3rd to 4th to 5th to 6th to 7th to 8th to 9th to 10th
Archocentrus
centrarchus 3 5(3) 2(5) (2) (1)
spinosissimus 1 1(2) 1(1) 7(4) 1(2) (1) (1)
multispinosus 5 4(1) 1(7) (1)
Cryptoheros
panamensis 3(1) (1) (1)
spilurus (1) 5(5) 4(6) (10) 1(1) (1)
chetumalensis 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) 1(1)
cutteri 2 3(3) 3(5) 4(2) 1(4) 1 (1)
septemfasciatus 3 5 3(6) 1(5) (2) (1)
altoflavus 1 1 1(1) (1) (1)
myrnae 6 3(2) 1(4) (1)
nanoluteus 3(1) (1) (1)
sajica 1 5(1) 3(4) 1(5)
Amatitlania
nigrofasciata 2(1) 4(2) 8(3) 5(11) 3(2) 1(4)
coatepeque 1 5(1) (2) 4(5) 1(4) 1(2)
kanna 2 2(3) 1 4(2) (3) (5) (1)
siquia (1) 5 7(1) 6(9) 3(1) 1(6) (5) (2) (1)
Rocio
octofasciata 1(2) 2(1) 13(14) 13(36) 5(54) (13) (7) (1)
ocotal 3(2) (2) 1 1(1) (1)
gemmata 1 1(1) (1) 1(1)
Hypsophrys
nicaraguensis 2 1 2 4(4) 2(3) 1(3)
nematopus 3 (1) (1)
TABLE 3 (cont.) Number of scales in longest interradial row on soft dorsal fin
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 >13
Archocentrus
centrarchus 3 5 1
spinosissimus 1 4 5 1 1
multispinosus 2 2 5 1
Cryptoheros
panamensis 1 1 1
spilurus 1 6 1 3 2 2 1 2 1 4
chetumalensis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
cutteri 2 4 7 9 3 4 3 4 2 4
septemfasciatus 1 7 7 2 2
altoflavus 2 1 1
myrnae 2 5 4 1
nanoluteus 2 1 1 1
sajica 2 4 3 1
Amatitlania
nigrofasciata 1 6 3 1 1 1
coatepeque 1 3 4 1 1 1
kanna 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
siquia 6 7 2 1 1
Rocio
octofasciata 1 15 15 4 1 1
ocotal 2 3
gemmata 1 1
Hypsophrys
nicaraguensis 6 2 1
nematopus 2 1 7 1
TABLE 3 (cont.) Number of scales in longest interradial row on soft anal fin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 >13
Archocentrus
centrarchus 6 2 1 1 1 1
spinosissimus 1 1 1 4 1 2
multispinosus 2 1 3 1 2 1 2
Cryptoheros
panamensis 1 1 1 1
spilurus 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 3
chetumalensis 1 1 1 1 1 1
cutteri 4 3 1 2 3 4 1 1
septemfasciatus 3 7 5 1
altoflavus 1 1 1 1
myrnae 2 4 1
nanoluteus 1 1 1
sajica 2 7 1 1
Amatitlania
nigrofasciata 2 5 3 1
coatepeque 1 5 2 2 1
kanna 1 1 1 1
siquia 3 1 4 5 1
Rocio
octofasciata 2 12 6 3
ocotal 2 1 1
gemmata 1 1
Hypsophrys
nicaraguensis 2 3 4
nematopus 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2
TABLE 3 (cont.)
Dorsal-fin spines Dorsal-fin rays
XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX 7 8 9 10 11 12
Archocentrus
centrarchus 10 2 1 9 2
spinosissimus 2 10 1 3 8 1
multispinosus 8 3 9 2
Cryptoheros
panamensis 1 2 9 1 2 6 3 1
spilurus 12 40 13 1 21 34 9
chetumalensis 2 20 3 1 1 5 7
cutteri 10 45 6 10 41 13
septemfasciatus 10 10 1 10 9
altoflavus 2 4 2 2 1
myrnae 8 6 1 11 1
nanoluteus 1 3 3 1
sajica 11 1 1 11
Amatitlania
nigrofasciata 9 55 4 2 45 23 3
coatepeque 8 17 1 1 23 3
kanna 1 13 4 13 4 1 1
siquia 23 64 3 1 26 62 12
Rocio
octofasciata 26 122 16 13 48 106 7
ocotal 5 1 2 4
gemmata 3 1 2
Hypsophrys
nicaraguensis 3 8 1 1 7 4
nematopus 3 10 5 7 1
TABLE 3 (cont.)
Anal-fin spines Anal-fin rays
VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII 6 7 8 9
Archocentrus
centrarchus 4 8 2 10
spinosissimus 5 8 1 2 10 2
multispinosus 8 3 10 1
Cryptoheros
panamensis 8 3 3 6
spilurus 1 15 43 7 7 52 8
chetumalensis 3 11 2 3 13 1
cutteri 7 42 10 1 10 36 8
septemfasciatus 8 12 3 3 14 3
altoflavus 1 4 1 2 2
myrnae 4 9 1 9 4
nanoluteus 2 1 2 1
sajica 1 10 1 5 7
Amatitlania
nigrofasciata 2 34 24 12 46 16
coatepeque 15 20 1 5 19 2
kanna 3 14 1 2 11 5
siquia 16 52 24 1 6 50 51 1
Rocio
octofasciata 1 1 103 71 1 62 141 18
ocotal 2 2 1 1 1 1
gemmata 2 1 1 2
Hypsophrys
nicaraguensis 4 9 6 6 1
nematopus 11 1 1 3 10
TABLE 3 (cont.)
Pectoral-fin rays
13 14 15 16 17
Archocentrus
centrarchus 5 5
spinosissimus 3 4 6 1
multispinosus 1 1
Cryptoheros
panamensis 3 1
spilurus 1 26 6
chetumalensis 2 1 1
cutteri 1 8 12
septemfasciatus 1
altoflavus 1
myrnae 1
nanoluteus 1
sajica 1 1
Amatitlania
nigrofasciata 10 5 9
coatepeque 8 6 1
kanna 1 6
siquia 15 6
Rocio
octofasciata 8 13 7
ocotal 1 1
gemmata 1 1 1
Hypsophrys
nicaraguensis 1 1
nematopus 1 1
TABLE 3 (cont.) Gill-rakers on lower limb of first arch (in parentheses: total), not counting rudiments
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 >19
Archocentrus
centrarchus 1 1 8 1 1(1) (1) (1) (10)
spinosissimus 1 8 5(1) (8) (4) (10)
multispinosus 8 2 (8) (2)
Cryptoheros
panamensis 64 (4) (6)
spilurus 4 62 10(3) (43) (8) (4)
chetumalensis 2 10 4(2) (10) (3) (1)
cutteri 1 21 38(1) (14) (33) (9)
septemfasciatus 14 1 2(5) (11) (1)
altoflavus 31 (2) (2)
myrnae 11 3 (12) (2)
nanoluteus 3 1(1) (2) (1) (1)
sajica 10 1 (10) (1)
Amatitlania
nigrofasciata 13 23 7(13) 21(25) (8) (1)
coatepeque 15 10 (11) (13) (1) (1)
kanna 2 9 5(2) (7) (4)
siquia 25 38 8(18) (61) (9) (2)
Rocio
octofasciata 5 57 42(3) 3(36) (51) (16) (2)
ocotal 1 5 (1) (4) (1)
gemmata 2 1 (2) (1)
Hypsophrys
nicaraguensis 1 8 4(1) (8) (2) (1) (1)
nematopus 81 (9)
TABLE 3 (cont.) Scale rows on cheek (in parentheses: scales between interpelvic scale and vent)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Archocentrus
centrarchus 2 8 1(3) (7)
spinosissimus 2 8 1(5) (3) (3) (1)
multispinosus 4 6 (3) (4) (3)
Cryptoheros
panamensis 1 9 1 (3) (3) (1) (1) (1)
spilurus 18 22 3(1) (2) (6) (6) (2) (3) (3) (1)
chetumalensis 7 2 (1) (1) (5) (1) (1) (1) (1)
cutteri 12 15 3 1(2) (6) (5) (6) (4) (1) (1) (1)
septemfasciatus 3 5 (10) (7) (3)
altoflavus 3 (2) (1) (1)
myrnae 4 8 (2) (1) (4) (3)
nanoluteus 3 1 (2)
sajica 1 1 (1) (1) (5) (1)
Amatitlania
nigrofasciata 5 14 1 (3) (1) (4) (1)
coatepeque 10 2 (5) (4) (4) (3)
kanna 6 18 2(1) (1) (3) (1)
siquia 20 21 2(1) (4) (9) (4) (1)
Rocio
octofasciata 2 35 39 12(1) 2(5) (14) (21) (26) (19) (8) (1) (4)
ocotal 2 3 (1) (1) (2) (2)
gemmata 3 (1) (2)
Hypsophrys
nicaraguensis 1 1 (1) (1) (1) (1)
nematopus 7 2 (3) (6)
TABLE 3 (cont.) Number of predorsal scales
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Archocentrus
centrarchus 2 2 4 1 1 2
spinosissimus 2 1 3 7 2 1
multispinosus 2 4 3 2
Cryptoheros
panamensis 4 4 1 1
spilurus 2 8 14 8 2 6 2 1
chetumalensis 1 3 4 3 1 1
cutteri 2 4 10 3 8 4 1
septemfasciatus 3 6 6 6 1 1
altoflavus 2 2 1 1
myrnae 3 7 3 1 2
nanoluteus 1 3
sajica 2 2 3 2 2
Amatitlania
nigrofasciata 1 1 2 2 3 3 1
coatepeque 1 1 2 1 2 5 1 3
kanna 2 3 1 3 1
siquia 2 2 1 5 3 2 1
Rocio
octofasciata 1 1 4 10 6 4 1 1
ocotal 1 1 1 1
gemmata 1 1
Hypsophrys
nicaraguensis 1 2 4 2 2
nematopus 2 3 1 1 1 1
TABLE 3 (cont.) Scale rows from lateral line to base of first dorsal-fin ray (in parentheses: scale rows from lateral line to base of first dorsal-fin spine)
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
Archocentrus
centrarchus 3 6 1 1 (3) (6) (1) (1)
spinosissimus 4 4 2 (2) (5) (5)
multispinosus 10 (5) (5)
Cryptoheros
panamensis 7 1 1 (1) (8) (1)
spilurus 27 49 2 (16) (45) (14)
chetumalensis 5 9 2 (3) (6) (2) (1)
cutteri 11 42 5 1 (1) (9) (22) (24) (1)
septemfasciatus 7 12 1 (1) (10) (7) (2)
altoflavus 3 (2) (1) (1)
myrnae 1 4 10 (1) (6) (4) (4) (1)
nanoluteus 2 (2) (1)
sajica 1 1 (1) (1) (1)
Amatitlania
nigrofasciata 17 35 2 (8) (30) (15) (4)
coatepeque 2 14 10 (4) (8) (8) (4)
kanna 12 6 (5) (9) (3) (2)
siquia 1 64 14 7 1 (1) (18) (34) (9) (3)
Rocio
octofasciata 5 15 1(5) 1(11) (5) (1)
ocotal 2 1 3(2) (3) (1)
gemmata 2 1(1) (2)
Hypsophrys
nicaraguensis 10 (1) (9)
nematopus 10 (9) (1)
TABLE 3 (cont.) Pored lateral-line scales, caudal section (in parentheses: total count, not counting overlap between the two sections of lateral line)
<7 8 9 10 11 12 >13 <25 26 27 28 29 30 31 >32
Archocentrus
centrarchus 2 5 3 1 (1) (5) (4) (1) (1)
spinosissimus 5 6 3 (2) (4) (7)
multispinosus 1 5 3 1 (4) (5) (2)
Cryptoheros
panamensis 3 2 3 3 1 (1) (3) (1) (4) (3)
spilurus 2 14 27 23 7 2 (3) (22) (31) (17) (1)
chetumalensis 1 1 6 5 2 1 (1) (2) (6) (6) (1)
cutteri 2 12 23 18 1 (1) (6) (19) (26) (6)
septemfasciatus 3 4 8 6 (2) (11) (2) (1)
altoflavus 1 2 1 1 (1) (3) (1)
myrnae 2 5 4 1 (2) (5) (6)
nanoluteus 1 1 (1) (1)
sajica 1 8 1 1 (9) (3)
Amatitlania
nigrofasciata 3 13 24 12 (2) (12) (24) (10) (3)
coatepeque 1 6 11 7 (1) (6) (8) (8) (1)
kanna 1 5 6 4 1 (7) (6) (4) (1)
siquia 6 26 27 12 1 (7) (37) (27) (4)
Rocio
octofasciata 2 13 57 52 22 4 (7) (61) (60) (21) (4)
ocotal 3 1 2 (5) (1)
gemmata 2 1 (1) (1) (1)
Hypsophrys
nicaraguensis 1 4 4 2 (1) (3) (8)
nematopus 1 6 3 1 (2) (9) (2)
TABLE 3 (cont.)
Number of circumpeduncular scales
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Archocentrus
centrarchus 4 6 1
spinosissimus 3 7 3
multispinosus 3 7 1
Cryptoheros
panamensis 1 1 9
spilurus 10 46 14 5 1
chetumalensis 2 11 3
cutteri 1 22 28 9
septemfasciatus 9 8 1
altoflavus 2
myrnae 4 7 1
nanoluteus 1 2
sajica 2 8 2
Amatitlania
nigrofasciata 1 2 24 32 8
coatepeque 1 12 12 2
kanna 1 11 5
siquia 2 36 62 15 1
Rocio
octofasciata 1 2 8 16 15 3
ocotal 4 1 1
gemmata 1 1
Hypsophrys
nicaraguensis 1 8 1 1
nematopus 1 9 1
TABLE 3 (cont.)
Number of anal creases
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 >18
Archocentrus
centrarchus 3 1 1 2
spinosissimus 9
multispinosus 1 3 5 2
Cryptoheros
panamensis 1 1 3
spilurus 1 1 3 2 7 5 1
chetumalensis 1 1 1 1 1
cutteri 1 2 3 3 1 2 5
septemfasciatus 3 2 3 1 2
altoflavus 1 1 1
myrnae 1 2 2 5 1 1
nanoluteus 1 1 1
sajica 1 2 2 2 1 1
Amatitlania
nigrofasciata 2 1 1 1 1 1
coatepeque 3 3 1 1 2
kanna 1 1 1
siquia 3 1 7 1 1 1 2
Rocio
octofasciata 3 12 6 8 7 2 1
ocotal 3 3
gemmata 1 1 1
Hypsophrys
nicaraguensis 6 2
nematopus 3 1 6 1
TABLE 3 (cont.)
Caudal vertebrae Total vertebrae
<14 15 16 17 26 27 28 29 30
Archocentrus
centrarchus 1 2 1 1
spinosissimus 4 1 4 1
multispinosus 1 5 1 5
Cryptoheros
panamensis 1 1 1 1 1
spilurus 1 1 1 1
chetumalensis 2 1 1 1
cutteri 1 1 1 1
septemfasciatus 1 1 1 1 1 1
altoflavus 1 1
myrnae 1 6 1 1
nanoluteus 1 1
sajica 1 1 1 1
Amatitlania
nigrofasciata 2 2 2 2
coatepeque 2 2
kanna 2 2
siquia 5 4 4 5
Rocio
octofasciata 1 3 1 1 3 1
ocotal 6 5 5
gemmata 1 1 1 1
Hypsophrys
nicaraguensis 2 1 2 1
nematopus 3 1 3
TABLE 4. Selected morphometric proportions of cichlid species in the genera Archocentrus , Cryptoheros , Amatlania , Rocio , and Hypsophrys . Specimens measured are those marked “dig.” in Appendix 1. HL, head length.
Body depth, %SL Head length, %SL Interorbital, %HL Orbit diameter %HL Postorbital, %HL Pre-dorsal, %SL Least depth, %SL Gut length, %SL
Archocentrus
centrarchus 50-57 33-34 38-40 24-27 49-50 48-49 17-18 101
spinosissimus 57-61 34-35 35-40 28-29 51-52 49-50 18-19 109
multispinosus 47-54 33-35 37-40 26-33 45-46 45-47 16-17 264-271
Cryptoheros
panamensis 45-51 30-34 29-40 27-32 47-52 41-45 16-18 nd
spilurus 52-56 32-37 27-38 28-32 40-42 43-50 15-17 97-186
chetumalensis 42-49 30-37 24-33 23-35 37-44 39-42 15-16 94-161
cutteri 44-54 32-43 23-38 20-40 42-46 40-49 14-17 82-230
septemfasciatus 42-56 30-36 28-37 23-29 49-53 38-44 16-17 92-141
altoflavus 45-56 31-36 24-31 22-35 45-49 42-44 16-17 151
myrnae 42-50 33-37 16-25 25-30 35-48 41-44 15-16 117-129
nanoluteus 44-52 29-35 23-29 27-32 42-54 44-46 16-18 150
sajica 46-49 34-37 27-32 28-31 46-49 43-45 16-18 107-116
Amatitlania
nigrofasciata 46-50 32-38 26-35 21-34 44-51 42-44 15-17 58-124
coatepeque 43-48 32-38 16-32 21-34 49-57 42-44 16-18 108-113
kanna 48-58 33-37 27-33 27-33 51-58 44-49 15-17 94
siquia 48-55 31-38 26-36 27-41 51-53 42-45 16-17 111-188
Rocio
octofasciata 39-51 33-42 24-38 21-31 48-50 39-47 15-17 67-98
ocotal 41-46 35-41 24-31 21-23 48-52 41-46 14-17 76
gemmata 41-46 35-41 24-31 25-30 49-53 43-45 15-17 102
Hypsophrys
nicaraguensis 44-46 33-34 26-36 26-30 45-46 44-45 14-15 80
nematopus 38-46 31-39 26-35 26-33 42-43 41-12 13-14 136-231
Distribution. Pacific slope, in tributaries of the Golfo de Fonseca, Honduras and Nicaragua; Atlantic slope, from the Rio Chirripo ( Rio Matina) of Costa Rica to the Rio San Juan and associated drainages of Nicaragua, including the Great Lakes (Fig. 1). Remarks . Although the specimen BMNH 1905.3.27.2 (Fig. 2) is labeled “cotype”, Gill and Bransford (1877: 186) left no doubt that they had only one specimen (i.e., the holotype) at hand. The BMNH specimen therefore has no formal type status. FIGURE 2. Archocentrus centrarchus , BMNH 1905.3.27.2. Photo, BMNH, London.