A review of present knowledge of larvae of the Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of the Oriental realm, including keys to families and known genera Author Orr, Albert G. W. text Zootaxa 2024 2024-08-23 5497 2 209 243 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 journal article 305046 10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 97257e17-d512-4a6e-a85b-b6af22d488fd 1175-5326 13618317 B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB Dysphaea The genus is represented by nine species distributed widely from Sundaland to southern China , including Hainan , Indochina. Thailand , Myanmar across north-west India , Bangladesh and the eastern Himalayas to the Western Ghats. Larva of this common genus have proved remarkably elusive. Lieftinck (1950) recorded larvae of D. dimidiata Selys from West Java and noted their ecology in general terms, but surprisingly provided no description or even a general comment of their unusual morphology, either in that publication or in any later paper. Recently larvae and exuviae of Dysphaea gloriosa Fraser ( Fig. 57 ) were discovered in Thailand and described ( Nguyen et al . 2024 ). The head is extremely large, much wider than the prothorax, with small eyes; the genae are swollen beyond the outer margin of the eyes and armed with rows of heavy spines The postocular lobes are bulbous and also bear strong marginal spines ( Fig. 61 ). The saccoid gills are elongate and tapered to a long fine filament. The genus perhaps has the most distinctive of all euphaeid larvae and it is expected that all species will be recognisable. Dysphaea have been observed ovipositing in areas of torrential water flow ( Orr 2001 ). The larvae have been collected clinging under rocks in swift flowing rapids ( Lieftinck 1950 , Nguyen et al . 2024 ).