Tetrapyle spp.

Zhang, Lanlan & Suzuki, Noritoshi, 2017, Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean, Palaeontologia Electronica (Cambridge, England: 2003) 7 (8), pp. 1-68 : 19-21

Tetrapyle spp. (juvenile form)

Figure 11

nomen nudum

1861a Schizomma quadrilobum Ehrenberg , p.

769.

1873 Schizomma quadrilobum Ehrenberg , pl. 10,

figs. 12-14.

1862 Tetrapyle quadriloba (Ehrenberg) ; Haeckel,

p. 436.

1953 Tetrapyle quadriloba (Ehrenberg) ; Riedel, p.

809-810.

non 1912 Tetrapyle quadriloba (Ehrenberg) ; Popofsky,

p. 150-151.

1937 Trizonium constrictum Haeckel ; Sugano, p. 72, fig. 37.1-3.

1979 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Kling, p. 311, pl. 1, fig. 13.

1981 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Takahashi and Honjo, p. 150, pl. 6, fig. 5 (only).

1982 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Molina-Cruz, p. 995, pl. 2, figs. 10-11.

1984a Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Nishimura and Yamauchi, pl. 1, fig. 11.

1985 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Boltovskoy and Jankilevich, pl. 3, fig. 26.

1985 Tetrapyle sp. Cachon and Cachon, p. 290, fig. 47.

1987 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Dworetzky and Morley, pl. 2, fig. 1.

1990 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Fujioka, pl. 42, fig. 6.

non 1990 Tetrapyle quadriloba (Ehrenberg) ; Tan and Chen, p. 114, text-fig. 5.

1992 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Gupta and Srinivasan, pl. 2, fig. 16.

1993 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Matsuoka, fig. 3.4.

1994 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Haslett, p. 132-133; pl. 2, fig. 4.

1994 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Iijima, Takahashi, Ittekkot, and Nair, fig. 5.5 (only).

1994 Pyloniid. gen. et sp. indet. Kim and Kim, pl. 1, fig. 6.

1998 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Sharma and Sharma, pl. 2, fig. 2.

1999 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Sashida and Kurihara, p. 139, 141, figs. 8.1, 8.8, 12.2, 12.17 (only).

2003 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Itaki, Matsuoka, Yoshida, Machidori, Shinzawa, and Todo, pl. 1, figs. 17-22.

2005 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Motoyama and Nishimura, fig. 9.12 (only).

2006 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Kurihara, Shimotani, and Matsuoka, pl. 2, fig. 7.

2007 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Ishitani and Takahashi, pl.2, figs. d-f.

2008 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Okazaki, Takahashi, and Asahi, pl. 1, figs. 7-8 (only).

non 2009 Tetrapyle quadriloba (Ehrenberg) ; Zhang, Chen, Xiang, Zhang, Liu, Huang, and Lu, pl. 1, fig. a.

2010 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Kurihara, and Matsuoka, fig. 2.12.

1996 Tetrapyle sp. 1 . Brathauer, pl. 2, fig. 3.

2007 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Itaki, Komatsu, and Motoyama, pl. 1, figs. 6-7 (only).

2009 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Itaki, pl. 10, figs. 3a-d, 5a-b (only).

2009b Schizomma sp. Suzuki, Ogane, Aita, Sakai, and Lazarus, pl. 58, figs. 12a-b (the Ehrenberg collection).

2009b Schizomma quadrilobum Ehrenberg ; Suzuki, Ogane, Aita, Sakai, and Lazarus, pl. 70, figs. 5a-c (only), (type specimen in the Ehrenberg collection).

non 2009b Schizomma quadrilobum Ehrenberg ; Suzuki, Ogane, Aita, Sakai, and Lazarus, pl. 70, figs. 6a-7d (type specimen in the Ehrenberg collection).

2010 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Itaki, Kimoto, and Hasegawa, fig. 4.12.

2015a Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Matsuzaki, Suzuki, and Nishi, p. 34-35, figs. 6.2 (only).

2015b Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Matsuzaki, Suzuki, Nishi, Hayashi, Gyawali, Takashima, and Ikehara, figs. 7.9, 7.10 (only).

Remarks. Tetrapyle spp. (juvenile form) herein includes the “ Schizomma quadrilobum ” in the type slides (See Suzuki et al., 2009b, plate 70, figure 5a-e). This specimen of the Ehrenberg collection is small, less than 100 μm in width, and comprises a central combination and G1 to G3 girdles. This lower number of girdles is interpreted as indicative of a juvenile Tetrapyle form. Such juvenile forms are generally abundant in subtropical to tropical oceans; therefore, these forms must be counted for paleoceanographic/oceanographic studies. As illustrated by Itaki (2009), the same specimen identifiable as “ Schizomma quadrilobum ” has a notably different appearance under Type 2 coordinates. Such specimens are particularly challenging to classify taxonomically. In practice, it is unproductive to separate them at the species level for oceanographic studies; therefore, they are regarded as Tetrapyle spp. (juvenile form). These specimens may tentatively be called “ Tetrapyle quadrilobum ”, but we chose not to utilize this taxon name because these specimens may in fact represent a juvenile form of another species.

Figures

FIGURE 11. Photographs of the encountered morphotypes of Tetrapyle spp. (juvenile form). 1-2 and 9, Lt-view at Type 1, Fr-view at Type 2; 3-5, 7-8, 11-12, Sg-view at Type 1, Fr-view at Type 2; 6 and 10, Pl-view at Type 1, Fr-view at Type 2; 13-14, Pl-view at Type 1, Ug-view at Type 2; 15-16, Sg-view at Type 1, Fr-view at Type 2; 17-18, Sg-view at Type 1, Ug-view at Type 2. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. All specimens are from YDY05-01.