Tetrapyle octacantha Müller 1859

Zhang, Lanlan & Suzuki, Noritoshi, 2017, Taxonomy and species diversity of Holocene pylonioid radiolarians from surface sediments of the northeastern Indian Ocean, Palaeontologia Electronica (Cambridge, England: 2003) 7 (8), pp. 1-68 : 10-15

Tetrapyle octacantha Müller 1859 sensu stricto

Figures 6 and 7

1859 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller , p. 33-35, pl. 2,

figs. 12, 13, pl. 3, figs. 1-12.

non 1879 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Hertwig, pl. 6,

figs. 2, 5 (only).

non 1972 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Ling, p. 168,

pl. 2, fig. 3.

1976 Octopyle octospinosa ; Tan and Tchang, p.

262, text-fig. 32a-e.

non 1977 Tetrapyle sp. cf. T. octacantha Müller ; Kling,

pl. 1, fig. 14.

non 1977 Tetrapyle octacantha (Müller) (erroneous parentheses to the author’s name); Molina-Cruz, p. 335, pl. 5, fig. 5 (only).

? 1977 Tetrapyle octacantha (Müller) (erroneous parentheses to the author’s name); Molina-Cruz, p. 335, pl. 5, fig. 6 (only).

1977 Tetrapyle octacantha (Müller) (erroneous parentheses to the author’s name); Molina-Cruz, p. 335, pl. 5, fig. 7 (only).

non 1979 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Kling, p. 311, pl. 1, fig. 13.

1979 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Nigrini and Moore, p. S125-126, pl. 16, fig. 3a, b.

non 1980 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Boltovskoy and Riedel, p. 120, pl. 4, fig. 11.

non 1981 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Takahashi and Honjo, p. 150, pl. 6, figs. 5, 6.

non 1982 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Molina-Cruz, p. 995, pl. 2, figs. 10, 11.

PALAEO- ELECTRONICA.ORG non 1982 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Poluzzi, p. 59, pl. 19, figs. 3-6, 10.

non 1983 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Robson, pl. 1, fig. 12.

non 1984 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Nigrini and Lombari, p. S87-88, pl. 12, fig. 3a, b.

1984a Larnacalpis sp. Nishimura and Yamauchi, pl. 16, fig. 14.

1984a Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Nishimura and Yamauchi, p. 42, pl. 17, figs. 2, 6, 9 (only).

non 1984a Tetrapyle sp. aff. T. octacantha Müller ; Nishimura and Yamauchi, p. 42, pl. 17, fig. 4.

non 1984a Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Nishimura and Yamauchi, p. 42, pl. 17, figs. 7, 12, 14, pl. 43, fig. 13 (part).

non 1984b Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Nishimura and Yamauchi, pl. 1, fig. 11.

non 1985 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Boltovskoy and Jankilevich, pl. 3, fig. 26.

non 1986 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Morley and Kohl, pl. 2, fig. 1.

non 1986 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Yamauchi, pl. 4, fig. 13.

non 1987 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Dworetzky and Morley, pl. 2, fig. 1.

1989 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Dumitrica, pl. 12, figs. 3, 4.

non 1990 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Fujioka, pl. 42, fig. 6.

1990 Octopyle octospinosa Tan and Chen , p. 117-118, text-fig. 9, pl. 1, figs. 10-12.

non 1991 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Takahashi, p.

90, pl. 23, figs. 9, 10. non 1992 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Alexandrovich,

pl. 4, figs. 1, 2. non 1992 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Haslett, fig.

1.a. non 1992 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Ling, pl. 2, fig.

8. non 1993 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Hull, pl. 3, fig.

2. non 1993 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Matsuoka, fig.

3.4. non 1993 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Sharma and

Singh, pl. 2, fig. 22. non 1994 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Haslett, p.

132-133, pl. 2, fig. 4. non 1994 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Iijima, Takahashi, Ittekkot, and Nair, figs. 5.3, 5.4. non 1994 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Kim, Park, and

Park, pl. 2, fig. 5. non 1994 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Sashida and

Uematsu, fig. 3.12. 1995 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; van de Paverd,

p. 193, pl. 56, figs. 8, 11-13 (only). non 1995 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; van de Paverd,

p. 193, pl. 55, figs. 11, 12, pl. 56, figs. 1-7, 9,

10 (only). non 1996 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Brathauer, pl.

2, fig. 2. 1996 Octopyle octospinosa Tan and Tchang ;

Chen and Tan, p. 194, pl. 21, fig. 7, pl. 45,

figs. 10-12.

1998 Pyloniid group. Danelian and Frydas, p. 140, pl. 3, fig. 14.

non 1998 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Shinjo, Motoyama, Nakamura, Takaki, Nishida, Morii, and Tanaka, pl. 1, fig. 7.

1998 Octopyle octospinosa Tan and Tchang ; Tan, p. 258, text-fig. 244.

non 1999 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Molina-Cruz, Welling, and Caudillo-Bohorquez, pl. 1, figs. 1-3.

non 1999 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Sashida and Kurihara, p. 139, 141, figs. 8.1-5, 8.8-9, 8.11-12, 12.2, 12.15-17.

1999 Octopyle octospinosa Tan and Tchang ; Tan and Chen, p. 247-248, text-fig. 5.158.

non 2001 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Itaki, pl. 2, fig. 5.

2001 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Matsuoka, Yoshida, Hasegawa, Shinzawa, Tamura, Sakumoto, Yabe, Niikawa, and Tateishi, pl. 1, fig. 2 (only).

non 2001 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Matsuoka, Yoshida, Hasegawa, Shinzawa, Tamura, Sakumoto, Yabe, Niikawa, and Tateishi, pl. 2, fig. 2 (only).

non 2002 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Cortese and Abelmann, pl. 2, fig. 24.

2002 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Matsuoka, Shinzawa, Yoshida, Machidori, Kurita, and Todo, pl. 2, fig. 4.

non 2003 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Itaki and Ikehara, fig. 4.g.

non 2003 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Itaki, Matsuoka, Yoshida, Machidori, Shinzawa, and Todo, pl. 1, figs. 17-22.

non 2005 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Motoyama and Nishimura, fig. 9.12-13.

non 2006 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Kurihara,

Shimotani, and Matsuoka, pl. 2, fig. 7. non 2007 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Ishitani and

Takahashi, pl. 2, figs. d-f. 2007 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Itaki,

Komatsu, and Motoyama, pl. 1, fig. 11

(only). non 2007 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Itaki,

Komatsu, and Motoyama, pl. 1, figs. 6-10,

12? non 2007 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Kurihara,

Uchida, Shimotani, and Matsuoka, fig. 5.2. non 2008 Tetrapyle octacantha Haeckel (wrong author’s name); Itaki, Minoshima, and

Kawahata, pl. 2, figs. 8, 9. non 2008 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Kamikuri,

Motoyama, and Nishimura, pl. 1, fig. 33. non 2008 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Okazaki, Takahashi and Asahi, pl. 1, figs. 7-12. non 2009 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Matsuoka, fig.

2.21. 2009 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Itaki, pl.

10, figs. 1a-1b, 10a–10d (only). non 2009 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Itaki, pl.

10, figs. 2a–9d. 2009 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Sakai, Suzuki,

Ogane, Lazarus, Breidbach, and Bach, p.

53, pl. 3, fig. 7 (topotype from Messina). non 2009 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Sono, Suzuki,

Yoshimura, Kano, and Takeda., pl. 1, fig. 16. 2009 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Zhang, Chen,

Xiang, Zhang, Liu, Huang, and Lu, pl. 1, fig.

f. 2009 Octopyle octospinosa Tan and Tchang ;

Zhang, Chen, Xiang, Zhang, Liu, Huang,

and Lu, pl. 1, fig. q.

non 2010 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Itaki, Kimoto, and Hasegawa, fig. 4.12.

non 2010 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Kurihara, and Matsuoka, fig. 2.12.

non 2010 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Suzuki and Kanie, pl. 9, fig. 15.

non 2011 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Pandey, p. 48, pl. 3, figs. K, L.

? 2012 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Kršinić and Kršinić, pl. 3, fig. 33.

non 2012b Tetrapyle octacantha Müller ; Suzuki and Kanie, fig. 5.23a, b.

non 2014a Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Matsuzaki, Nishi, Hayashi, Suzuki, Ikehara, Gyawali, Tanaka, and Takashima, fig. 2.11, 2.12.

non 2014c Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Matsuzaki, Nishi, Suzuki, Kawate, Takashima, and Sakai, pl. 1, figs. 21, 22.

non 2014d Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Matsuzaki, Nishi, Suzuki, Takashima, Kawate, and Sakai, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2.

non 2015a Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Matsuzaki, Suzuki, and Nishi, p. 34-35, fig. 6.1-6 (only).

2015a Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Matsuzaki, Suzuki, and Nishi, p. 34-35, fig. 6.7-8 (only).

non 2015b Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Matsuzaki, Suzuki, Nishi, Hayashi, Gyawali, Takashima, and Ikehara, fig. 7.8-12.

non 2016 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Matsuzaki, Itaki, and Kimoto, fig. 8.5-7.

? 2016 Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group; Matsuzaki, Itaki,and Kimoto, fig. 8.8 (only).

Description. The test is rounded quadrangular in shape in Fr-view (ratio of length to width: ca. 1.2)

and comprises five girdles. Numerous fine spines are scattered on the surface of the outermost girdle. Eight major portal-spines develop along the periphery of the outermost girdle during each ontogenetic stage. The twin gates within each girdle appear as elliptical or almost sub-triangular apertures (ratio of width to height: ca. 1.7–2.0) in Fr-view. Three to four roundish, and irregularly arranged pores are visible on each girdle in Pr-view.

Remarks. Topotypic material from Messina, the site of the specimens on which Haeckel’s original slides were shown in Sakai et al. (2009, plate 3, figure 7), which shows major portal-spines. Because the type specimens illustrated by Müller (1859) have never been rediscovered, the specimen illustrated by Sakai et al. (2009) is a practical referential specimen to represent this species. We identified numerous typical Tetrapyle octacantha specimens with eight major portal-spines from the surface water south of Villefranche-sur-Mer (43°36'N, 7°20ʹE), 900 km northwest of Messina (38°N, 15°30ʹE) in the Mediterranean Sea ( Figure 7 ). Because no Tetrapyle specimens without portal-spines were found in samples from Villefranche-sur-Mer, the presence of portal-spines is an important distinguishing feature of Tetrapyle species. Subsequently, the species name T. octacantha is strictly applied to those with eight major portal spines. As shown in the synonym list, T. octacantha may be easily confused with Tetrapyle circularis and Tetrapyle fruticosa . Tetrapyle circularis can be distinguished from T. octacantha based on the former’s circular girdles in Fr-view and lack of the eight portal-spines. Tetrapyle octacantha also differs from T. fruticosa , because the latter shows quadrangular girdles in Fr-view and lacks the eight long portal-spines along the periphery of its outermost girdle. Several Japanese workers ( Itaki, 2009; Matsuzaki et al., 2015a; Motoyama et al., 2016) grouped together Tetrapyle and “ Octopyle ” species as the “ Tetrapyle octacantha Müller group” because of the practical difficulties in identification when a large number of samples must be examined in a short time. This grouping may be convenient in temperate and colder regions such as the Sea of Japan (Itaki, 2003, 2009; Motoyama et al., 2016) and the Northwest Pacific ( Matsuzaki et al., 2016) because the number of these taxa is abundant or rare in middle-high latitude regions. However, members of the “ Tetrapyle octacantha group” are dominant in subtropical to tropical regions like the South China Sea ( Tan and Chen, 1990; Zhang et al., 2009; Hu et al., 2015) and Indian Sea (this study), and should therefore be identified to the species level.

Figures

FIGURE 6. Photographs of the encountered morphotypes of Tetrapyle octacantha Müller 1859 sensu stricto. All are Pl-view at Type 1, Fr-view at Type 2. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. The arrow marks indicate the major portal-spines. All specimens are from YDY05-01.

FIGURE 7. The typical Tetrapyle octacantha specimens from the surface water from the southern Villefranche-sur- Mer. 1 and 6, Ug-view at Type 2; 2-3 and 8, Pr-view at Type 2; 4-7, Fr-view at Type 2. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. The arrow marks indicate the major portal-spines.