Quandrus, 2002

Sime, Karen R. & Wahl, David B., 2002, The cladistics and biology of the Callajoppa genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (1), pp. 1-56 : 33

QUANDRUS WAHL & SIME , GEN. N.

Type-species. Trogus pepsoides Smith

Description. Flagellum of female lanceolate, with flagellomere 3 1.5¥ as long as wide; flagellum of male with tyloids present. Clypeus flat and wide, apicolateral margin forming an angle of approximately 90°, punctures evenly distributed, apical 0.3 thinned, apical margin straight and without median projection. Mandible long and evenly tapered to apex, ventral tooth in same plane as dorsal tooth. Supra-antennal area without median paired ridges or denticles. Vertex with posterior section about as long as ocellar triangle, gently sloping to occipital carina. Gena convex in dorsal view. Juncture of hypostomal and occipital carinae separated from mandible by about 0.5¥ basal mandibular width. Occipital carina with ventral region above mandible not produced as a low flange.

Pronotal flange low and with posterior face concave. Epicnemial carina dorsally complete. Scutellum conical; lateral carinae absent. Central convexity of metanotum not widened and lateral depressions not reduced. Base of propodeum rising steeply and abruptly. Areola reduced and partially filled-in. Anterior transverse carina complete, median section not swollen; posterior transverse carina complete; lateral longitudinal carinae complete; median longitudinal carinae absent basad anterior transverse carina, present apicad anterior transverse carina. First lateral area with regularly distributed punctures; second lateral area rugosopunctate. Metapleuron rugosopunctate. Juxtacoxal carina present. Propodeal lateral profile steeply sloping. Scopa absent. Cell 1 + 2Rs of fore wing petiolate, vein 2/Rs <3r-m, vein 2mcu interception apicad midpoint of posterior margin (vein 2/M about 1.3¥ as long as vein 3/M).

MS 1 in lateral view with petiole flattened, postpetiole convex; sclerotized anterior portion of S1 about 1.1¥ as long as distance from posterior margin of anterior portion to apex of T1; petiole basally without dorsal or lateral bulges; postpetiole without basal convexity, median longitudinal carinae absent, median field present, punctures fine and dense and without rugae. Ventral margin of T2 simple. T2-4 with longitudinal rugae restricted to median basal 0.1 of T2, absent on other tergites. T2-4 evenly convex, with fine contiguous punctures. T2-5 not basally constricted and without dorsolateral ridges. S2 divided, S3-5 entire. Apex of female metasoma with T7-8 barely projecting beyond apex of T6; amblypygous.

Autapomorphies. Apical margin of clypeus simple (#5–0); scutellum conical (#20–2); metapleuron with small, contiguous punctures and without rugae (#36–2); cell 1 + 2Rs of fore wing with vein 2m-cu interception apicad midpoint of posterior margin (#41–1). Alternate combination: #s 20–2, 36–3, and 41–1.

Etymology. The generic name is a euphonious combination of letters with no meaning. Its gender is masculine.

Species and distribution. There is one species, Quandrus pepsoides , found in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.

Comments. Q. pepsoides was formerly placed in Callajoppa (see Taxonomy, above).

Biology. Quandrus pepsoides is a larval-pupal parasitoid of Sphingidae , possibly limited to Sphingini . Mell & Heinrich (1931) report as hosts Acherontia lachesis (Fabricius) , A. styx (Westwood) , Meganoton rufescens (Butler) , and Psilogramma menephron (Cramer) ; Uéda (1956) adds Psilogramma increta (Walker) . These hosts use an unusually broad array of plants, including Annonaceae , Verbenaceae , Oleaceae , Convolvulaceae , and Solanaceae ( Mell, 1922) . In southern China, Q. pepsoides is a particularly common parasitoid of M. rufescens , with parasitism rates as high as 45% (15 of 33 pupae; Mell & Heinrich, 1931). References (e.g. Townes et al., 1965) to Papilio xuthus L. ( Papilionidae ) as a host are apparently based on a single report ( Ohtsuka, 1947) which should be viewed skeptically: P. xuthus is exceptionally well studied ( Watanabe, 1981), and among frequent reports of other parasitoids there are no additional records of Q. pepsoides attacking this host.